Table 5.
The effects of PER on various sleep parameters (184).
| Study | Risk of bias | Main population (adult/adol/peds) | Comparator | SE | TST | SL | WASO | Arousals/awake | N1 | N2 | N3 | REM | PSQI | ESS/SSS | Insomnia |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| González-Cuevas et al. (190) | High | Focal epilepsy (adult; >16 years) | Baseline | – | – | – | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | – | −/NA | NA |
| Lee et al. (192) | Moderate | Epilepsy (adult) | Drug-naïve | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | −/NA | ↓† |
| Rocamora et al. (193) | Moderate | Refractory epilepsy (adult) | Baseline | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | – | – | ↑ | – | – | −/NA | NA |
| Romigi et al. (191) | High | Focal epilepsy (adult) | Baseline | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | ↓ | −/NA | NA |
| Toledo et al. (189) | Moderate | Refractory focal epilepsy (adult; >16 years) | Baseline | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | ↓ (3 months)/NA; − (6 months)/NA | − (3 months)/NA; ↓ (6 months)/NA | NA |
Reproduced and adapted from Elsevier Ltd. under the terms of a Creative Commons license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). Adol, adolescent; ASM, anti-seizure medication; CAE, childhood absence epilepsy; EDS, excessive daytime sleepiness; ESS, Epworth Sleepiness Scale; HV, healthy volunteer; JME, juvenile myoclonic epilepsy; N1, stage N1; N2, stage N2; N3, stage N3; peds, pediatric; PBO, placebo; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; REM, rapid eye movement; SE, sleep efficiency; SL, sleep latency; SSS, Stanford Sleepiness Scale; TLE, temporal lobe epilepsy; TST, total sleep time; WASO, Wake After Sleep Onset; AND NA, not available.
↓, decrease; ↑, increase; −, no change.
In a stepwise logistic regression model, clinically diagnosed insomnia was negatively associated with perampanel use in the study by Lee et al. (192).