Table 2.
Comparison between outcome variables for the intervention and control groups (a version of Per Protocol).
| Characteristics | Intervention (n = 9) |
Control (n = 6) |
Median difference (Median, 95% CI)a | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline (Median, IQR) | Post (Median, IQR) | Baseline (Median, IQR) | Post (Median, IQR) | ||
| Primary outcomes | |||||
| SRS-2 (Total)b | 96.0 [74.0; 112.0] | 85.0 [84.0; 103.0] | 74.5 [59.0; 87.0] | 69.5 [61.0; 95.0] | 11.5 (8.5–14.0) |
| - Social awareness | 12.0 [ 9.0; 13.0] | 11.0 [11.0; 13.0] | 9.0 [ 7.0; 10.0] | 9.0 [ 7.0; 11.0] | 1.0 (0.0–2.0) |
| - Social cognition | 20.0 [18.0; 22.0] | 19.0 [15.0; 21.0] | 15.0 [14.0; 18.0] | 16.0 [13.0; 18.0] | 2.0 (1.0–4.0) |
| - Social communication | 33.0 [26.0; 39.0] | 31.0 [25.0; 35.0] | 24.0 [20.0; 30.0] | 23.5 [20.0; 35.0] | 2.0 (1.0–4.0) |
| - Social motivation | 13.0 [10.0; 19.0] | 11.0 [10.0; 17.0] | 13.5 [ 4.0; 18.0] | 13.0 [ 4.0; 18.0] | 1.5 (1.0–2.5) |
| - Autistic mannerism | 18.0 [16.0; 23.0] | 16.0 [13.0; 18.0] | 12.0 [ 9.0; 14.0] | 12.0 [10.0; 14.0] | 4.0 (1.0–5.0) |
| Secondary outcome | |||||
| CDI (Total)b | 14.0 [ 8.0; 14.0] | 9.0 [ 5.0; 14.0] | 8.5 [ 5.0; 11.0] | 6.0 [ 4.0; 10.0] | 3.0 (−1.0 to 4.0) |
| - Negative Self-Esteem | 6.0 [ 3.0; 7.0] | 7.0 [ 2.0; 8.0] | 3.0 [ 2.0; 5.0] | 2.5 [ 2.0; 5.0] | 1.5 (−1.0 to 3.0) |
| - Interpersonal Problems | 3.0 [ 2.0; 5.0] | 2.0 [ 1.0; 2.0] | 1.5 [ 0.0; 3.0] | 2.0 [ 1.0; 4.0] | 2.0 (1.0–3.0) |
| - Negative Mood/Physical symptoms | 4.0 [ 2.0; 5.0] | 2.0 [ 1.0; 5.0] | 3.0 [ 2.0; 3.0] | 1.0 [ 1.0; 3.0] | −1.0 (−2.0 to 0.0) |
| K-MAASb | 71.0 [61.0; 80.0] | 66.0 [36.0; 77.0] | 85.5 [79.0; 91.0] | 75.5 [53.0; 80.0] | −10.0 (−15.0 to −1.5) |
| RCMAS (Total)b | 15.0 [ 7.0; 16.0] | 14.0 [11.0; 17.0] | 8.5 [ 7.0; 16.0] | 14.0 [ 7.0; 19.0] | 3.0 (0.0–4.5) |
| - Over worry | 2.0 [ 2.0; 4.0] | 2.0 [ 2.0; 4.0] | 2.5 [ 2.0; 4.0] | 5.0 [ 2.0; 5.0] | 0.0 (−1.0 to 2.0) |
| - Sensitiveness | 3.0 [ 1.0; 3.0] | 3.0 [ 3.0; 4.0] | 1.0 [ 1.0; 4.0] | 2.5 [ 2.0; 5.0] | 0.5 (0.0–1.0) |
| - Negative Emotions/Attention Problems | 3.0 [ 3.0; 6.0] | 4.0 [ 4.0; 5.0] | 3.0 [ 1.0; 5.0] | 3.5 [ 2.0; 6.0] | 1.0 (0.0–2.0) |
| K-SCQ (Total)b | 9.0 [4.0; 12.0] | 7.0 [6.0; 11.0] | 6.0 [ 3.0; 16.0] | 5.5 [ 5.0; 11.0] | 0.5 (−1.5 to 3.0) |
| K-CBCL (Total)b | 67.0 [63.0; 78.0] | 63.0 [61.0; 70.0] | 69.5 [66.0; 76.0] | 68.0 [61.0; 71.0] | 3.5 (−0.5 to 6.0) |
| - Anxiety/Depression | 62.0 [62.0; 75.0] | 57.0 [53.0; 72.0] | 67.5 [62.0; 77.0] | 69.5 [59.0; 73.0] | 5.5 (1.0–6.5) |
| - Social problems | 79.0 [67.0; 79.0] | 70.0 [67.0; 72.0] | 67.5 [65.0; 70.0] | 66.0 [64.0; 70.0] | 4.0 (0.0–7.0) |
| - Thought problems | 68.0 [63.0; 73.0] | 68.0 [59.0; 69.0] | 68.0 [66.0; 70.0] | 67.5 [63.0; 69.0] | 1.5 (0.0–3.5) |
| - Aggressive behavior | 62.0 [50.0; 66.0] | 62.0 [50.0; 66.0] | 65.5 [61.0; 70.0] | 62.0 [57.0; 67.0] | −0.5 (−5.0 to 1.0) |
| - Internalizing problems | 66.0 [63.0; 82.0] | 62.0 [55.0; 72.0] | 66.0 [61.0; 76.0] | 65.0 [61.0; 74.0] | 4.0 (0.5–7.5) |
| - Externalizing problems | 62.0 [51.0; 65.0] | 62.0 [48.0; 65.0] | 65.0 [62.0; 67.0] | 63.0 [58.0; 66.0] | 2.0 (−2.5 to 3.5) |
| K-VABS-2c | |||||
| - Communication | 84.0 [75.0; 93.0] | 86.0 [75.0; 97.0] | 81.5 [75.0; 103.0] | 89.0 [72.0; 104.0] | −2.5 (−6.5 to 3.0) |
| - Daily living skill | 84.0 [77.0; 87.0] | 82.0 [80.0; 94.0] | 86.5 [84.0; 89.0] | 83.0 [81.0; 84.0] | −5.0 (−9.0 to 2.0) |
| - Socialization | 72.0 [68.0; 76.0] | 75.0 [72.0; 81.0] | 70.5 [65.0; 75.0] | 74.0 [65.0; 79.0] | 0.0 (−2.5 to 5.0) |
| Parents' measures (for parents) | |||||
| SCL-Rb | |||||
| - Depression | 49.0 [41.0; 51.0] | 43.0 [41.0; 48.0] | 48.0 [45.0; 54.0] | 51.0 [47.0; 65.0] | 7.0 (1.5–9.5) |
| - Anxiety | 52.0 [48.0; 61.0] | 52.0 [42.0; 54.0] | 52.5 [45.0; 56.0] | 52.5 [49.0; 56.0] | 5.0 (1.5–8.5) |
| - Obsessive compulsive personality | 51.0 [49.0; 57.0] | 49.0 [45.0; 55.0] | 51.0 [46.0; 57.0] | 51.0 [51.0; 59.0] | 6.0 (0.5–12.0) |
| - PTSD | 47.0 [42.0; 48.0] | 48.0 [47.0; 48.0] | 45.0 [43.0; 48.0] | 48.0 [48.0; 70.0] | 4.5 (−1.0 to 11.5) |
| - Anger attack | 54.0 [48.0; 55.0] | 45.0 [41.0; 57.0] | 51.5 [44.0; 54.0] | 50.0 [44.0; 63.0] | 6.5 (−1.0 to 9.0) |
| - Somatic | 47.0 [44.0; 52.0] | 39.0 [36.0; 41.0] | 49.0 [38.0; 49.0] | 51.5 [51.0; 52.0] | 10.0 (8.0–11.0) |
| - Mania | 55.0 [49.0; 58.0] | 53.0 [49.0; 58.0] | 41.0 [38.0; 44.0] | 44.0 [43.0; 44.0] | 5.0 (0.0–6.0) |
| - Paranoia | 46.0 [43.0; 48.0]] | 43.0 [40.0; 53.0] | 51.0 [44.0; 53.0] | 52.5 [47.0; 56.0] | 4.0 (0.0–4.0) |
| - Psychosis | 42.0 [42.0; 46.0] | 42.0 [42.0; 49.0] | 48.0 [42.0; 50.0] | 44.5 [42.0; 58.0] | 0.0 (−2.0 to 4.0) |
| - Sleep disorder | 56.0 [46.0; 61.0] | 41.0 [40.0; 51.0] | 46.0 [41.0; 56.0] | 41.0 [41.0; 51.0] | 8.0 (5.0–13.0) |
| - Interpersonal sensitivity | 50.0 [47.0; 54.0] | 47.0 [43.0; 54.0] | 57.5 [56.0; 65.0] | 63.5 [50.0; 69.0] | 8.0 (5.0–11.0) |
| - Regulation problem | 48.0 [48.0; 52.0] | 57.0 [41.0; 61.0] | 52.5 [44.0; 55.0] | 53.5 [44.0; 57.0] | 4.0 (−4.5 to 8.0) |
SRS-2: Social Responsiveness Scale-2, CDI: Children's Depression Inventory, K-MAAS: Korean version of the Mindful Attention and Awareness Scale, RCMAS: Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale, K-SCQ: Korean versions of the Social Communication Questionnaire, K-CBCL: Korean Child Behavior Checklist, K-VABS-2: Korea Vineland-Ⅱ, SCL-R: Symptom Checklist Revision.
a
Median difference score between the intervention (baseline and post-intervention) and control (baseline and post-intervention) groups and 95% confidence interval were estimated using 10,000 bootstrap samples.
b
Lower scores indicate increased ability.
c
Higher scores indicate increased ability.