Table 2.
Eighteen hospital innovation performance indicators based on publications and patents.
| Indicators | Abb. | Explanation | Source | Mean | Min | Max |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Article indicators | ||||||
| Proportion of highly cited articles | PHCA | Number of highly cited papers#/NA | Chinese hospital science and technology evaluation metrics | 5.5 × 10−3 | 0.0 | 2.2 × 10−2 |
| Proportion of hot articles | PHA | Number of hot papers*/NA | Chinese hospital science and technology evaluation metrics | 5.0 × 10−4 | 0.0 | 7.1 × 10−3 |
| Increasing rate of articles | AI | Article increasement per year/NA | Li Shiji and Shikai (18) | 1.6 × 10−2 | −7.7 × 103 | 4.7 × 10−2 |
| Patent indicators | ||||||
| Number of patents | NP | Number of granted patents during 2000–2019 | World intellectual property indicator (https://www.wipo.int/publications/zh/series/index.jsp?id=37) | 2.8 × 102 | 0.0 | 2.5 × 103 |
| Proportion of applied invention patents | PAIP | Number of applied invention patents/NP | World intellectual property indicators | 8.1 × 10−1 | 0.0 | 4.0 |
| Proportion of granted invention patents | PGIP | Number of granted invention patents/NP | China hospital innovation transformation ranking (https://innovation-rank.cn-healthcare.com/) | 2.3 × 10−1 | 0.0 | 9.9 × 10−1 |
| Proportion of utility model patents | PUP | Number of utility model patents/NP | World intellectual property indicators | 7.2 × 10−1 | 0.0 | 1.0 |
| Proportion of design patents | PDP | Number of design patents/NP | World intellectual property indicators | 3.0 × 10−2 | 0.0 | 4.0 × 10−1 |
| Cited number per patent family | CNP | Cited number of patent family/NP | Sun et al. (19) | 1.9 | 0.0 | 4.0 × 101 |
| Increasing rate of patents | PI | Patent increasement per year/NP | Li Shiji and Shikai (18) | 5.2 × 10−2 | −8.3 × 102 | 2.0 × 10−1 |
| Ratio of patent transferring | PTR | Number of patent transferring/NP | China hospital innovation transformation ranking | 6.3 × 10−2 | 0.0 | 9.9 × 10−1 |
| Ratio of patent licensing | PLR | Number of patent licensing/NP | China hospital innovation transformation ranking | 2.9 × 10−3 | 0.0 | 7.5 × 10−2 |
| Article-patent relevance indicators | ||||||
| Patent-article ratio | PAR | NP/NA | Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff (11) | 8.7 × 10−2 | 0.0 | 8.3 × 10−1 |
| Number of patents matched per article | NPMA | Number of article-patent matches/NA | Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff (11) | 1.5 × 10−2 | 0.0 | 9.0 × 10−2 |
| Number of articles matched per patent | NAMP | Number of article-patent matches/NP | Inspired by Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff (11) | 4.2 × 10−1 | 0.0 | 1.8 × 101 |
| Proportion of high-matched patents | HMP | Number of high-matched patents/NP | Inspired by Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff (11) | 5.4 × 10−2 | 0.0 | 4.3 × 10−1 |
| Proportion of high-matched articles | HMA | Number of high-matched articles/NA | Inspired by Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff (11) | 1.1 × 10−2 | 0.0 | 5.9 × 10−2 |
#
Number of highly cited articles from Web of Science. Selected from the most recent 10 years of data, highly cited articles reflect the top 1% of papers by field and publication year. The highly cited articles help identify breakthrough research within a research field and are used within the Web of Science to identify and refine the most influential research articles.
*
Number of hot articles from Web of Science: Selected by being cited among the top one-tenth of 1% (0.1%) in a current bimonthly period. Articles are selected in each of the 22 fields of science and must be published within the last 2 years.