Figure 3.

Clinical and Molecular Drivers Underlying the Loop of Chronic Inflammation and the Hallmarks of Aging: Through various molecular mechanisms and environmental triggers, chronic inflammation can drive aging and age-related diseases, which in turn can exacerbate chronic inflammation along with other hallmarks of aging. DAMPs = deoxyribonucleic acid damage-associated molecular patterns, ER = endoplasmic reticulum, NAD/NADH = nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NF-κB = nuclear factor kappa B, NLRP3 = nod-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3, PAMPs = pathogen-associated molecular pattern molecules, TLR = toll-like receptor.