Table 1. Demographic Characteristics and Epilepsy Phenotypes.
| Characteristic | No. (%) (Nā=ā522) |
|---|---|
| Sex | |
| Male | 269 (51.5) |
| Female | 253 (48.5) |
| Age at seizure onset | |
| Mean (SD), y | 1.2 (1.4) |
| Neonatal (<1 mo) | 20 (3.8) |
| Infantile (1 to <12 mo) | 105 (20.1) |
| Early childhood (1 to <6 y) | 229 (43.9) |
| School-aged (6 to <14 y) | 135 (25.9) |
| Adolescent (ā„14 y) | 33 (6.3) |
| Epilepsy type | |
| DEE | 142 (27.2) |
| Non-DEE | |
| GGE | 127 (24.3) |
| IGE | 53 (10.2) |
| NAFE | 152 (29.1) |
| Combined generalized and focal | 48 (9.2) |
| Epilepsy syndrome diagnoses | |
| Syndromes associated with refractory seizures or developmental comorbidities | |
| Any | 118 (22.8) |
| Infantile epileptic spasms syndrome | 46 (8.8) |
| Lennox-Gastaut syndrome | 24 (4.6) |
| Epilepsy with myoclonic-atonic seizures | 11 (2.1) |
| Epilepsy with eyelid myoclonia | 9 (1.7) |
| Spike-and-wave activation in sleep | 7 (1.3) |
| Landau-Kleffner syndrome | 5 (1) |
| Sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy | 4 (0.8) |
| Myoclonic epilepsy in infancy | 4 (0.8) |
| Dravet syndrome | 3 (0.6) |
| Epilepsy of infancy with migrating focal seizures | 2 (0.4) |
| Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome | 2 (0.4) |
| Hemiconvulsion-hemiplegia epilepsy syndrome | 1 (0.2) |
| Syndromes associated with milder prognosis | |
| Any | 75 (14.4) |
| Childhood absence epilepsy | 34 (6.5) |
| Self-limited epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes | 16 (3.1) |
| Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy | 14 (2.7) |
| Juvenile absence epilepsy | 3 (0.6) |
| Self-limited infantile epilepsy | 3 (0.6) |
| Self-limited epilepsy with autonomic seizures | 2 (0.4) |
| Epilepsy with generalized tonic-clonic seizures alone | 1 (0.2) |
| Self-limited focal epilepsy | 1 (0.2) |
| Photosensitive occipital lobe epilepsy | 1 (0.2) |
| Responsive to ASMs (seizure-free) | 222 (46.4) |
| Intellectual disability | |
| None | 259 (49.6) |
| Borderline | 74 (14.2) |
| Mild | 79 (15.1) |
| Moderate | 59 (11.3) |
| Severe | 38 (7.3) |
| Profound | 13 (2.5) |
| Other neurodevelopmental diagnoses | |
| Presence of ASD | 75 (14.4) |
| Presence of ADHD | 71 (13.6) |
Abbreviations: ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; ASD, autism spectrum disorder; ASM, antiseizure medication; DEE, developmental and epileptic encephalopathy; GGE, genetic generalized epilepsy; IGE, idiopathic generalized epilepsy; NAFE, nonacquired focal epilepsy.