TABLE 1.

Research progress on the anti-tumor effect of curcumin targeting lysosomes.

Effect		Cancer type	Activities related to lysosome	Ref
Anti-proliferative	Direct proliferation inhibition	-	Affect the assembly of the RNA polymerase I transcription initiation complex at rDNA promoters and inhibits the rDNA promoter activity, resulting in decreased rRNA synthesis	Xu et al. (2020)
	Promote cell death	renal cancer	Downregulate the protein levels of Rictor and Akt while inducing Bax activation and reducing Mcl-1 and Bcl-2 expression	Seo et al. (2018)
		lung cancer, colon cancer	Induced autophagy through lysosomal activation	Zhou et al. (2014), Wang et al. (2016)
		colon cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, breast cancer	Promote tumor cell apoptosis by LMP	Chen et al. (2012b), Khaket et al. (2020), Yuan et al. (2020)
	Regulation of lysosome biogenesis	colorectal cancer, neuroblastoma, Cervical cancer	Regulate the functions of lysosomes to exert anti-tumor activity by directly binding to TFEB and increasing the nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity of TFEB	Zhang et al. (2016a), Song et al. (2016)
Anti-invasive and anti-metastatic	Autophagy	glioblastoma	Induced autophagy	Zhang et al. (2016b)
		non-small cell lung cancer	Suppress autophagic flux in tumors through blocking autophagosome-lysosome fusion	Liu et al. (2021a), Chen et al. (2022)
		oral squamous cell carcinoma, thyroid carcinoma	Activate TFE3-dependent autophagy	Lu et al. (2021), Fan et al. (2022)
	CTS	glioblastoma	Knockdown of CTSL significantly promoted curcumin-induced cytotoxic responses, apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest and also suppressed migration and invasion	Fei et al. (2016)
Reversion of tumor cell multi-drug resistance	Autophagy	non-small cell lung cancer	Suppress autophagic flux in tumors through blocking autophagosome-lysosome fusion	Chen et al. (2022)
		oral squamous cell carcinoma	MTH-3 induce autophagy via TFEB to decrease the viability and trigger intrinsic apoptosis	Tsai et al. (2022)
	CTS	chronic myeloid leukemia	Release CTSB from lysosomes to enhance tumor cell sensitivity to imatinib	Acharya and Sahoo (2016)
Immunomodulatory	Macrophage polarization	glioblastoma, breast cancer	Promote the polarization of TAM to M1 phenotype	Shiri et al. (2015), Liu et al. (2021c)
	Immune checkpoints	head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, liver cancer	Reduce the expression of PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 immune checkpoint	Zhao et al. (2012), MaruYama et al. (2021)