Figure 2.

Schematics of HAGA and HAMA blend, combining the viscosity modulation of pH-dependent precursors for casting and extrusion-based 3D bioprinting. 3D printing of the complementary network hydrogel is done in two steps: first, the viscosity of the precursor is enhanced via pH change to obtain proper printability, described as “ink”, and next, photocrosslinking is used after printing. The GA-based hydrogels demonstrate viscoelasticity, tissue adhesion, and antioxidant and pH-dependent swelling behavior.