Table 1.
Study characteristics and quality evaluation.
| Reference | Study location | Sample size | Age (years) | Male (%) | Study period | Study cohort | Biomarker | Outcome | Maximum adjusted model RR/HR/OR (95% CI) | Covariates in the maximum-adjusted model | Quality of study (Score 0–9) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smith 1997 | United Kingdom | 1,592 | 64.4 ± 0.2 | 47.4 | 1988–1993 | Edinburgh Artery Study | FIB | MI | RR: 1.04 (0.89–1.22) | Age, sex, systolic blood pressure, LDL-cholesterol, cigarette smoking, and baseline disease | 7 |
| Stroke | RR: 1.52 (1.17–1.98) | ||||||||||
| CVD | RR: 1.15 (1.02–1.29) | ||||||||||
| Scarabin 1998 | France and Northern Ireland | 10,500 | 55.0 ± 2.0 | 100.0 | 1991–1993 | Prospective Epidemiological Study of Myocardial Infarction (PRIME Study) | FIB | CVD | OR: 1.26 (1.17–1.36) | Field center, age, smoking, BMI, waist-to-hip,hypertension, HDL cholesterol LDL-cbolesterol triglycerides and diabetes | 7 |
| Koenig 1999 | Germany | 936 | 45–64 | 100.0 | 1984–1992 | Monitoring Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease Augsburg Cohort Study (MONICA) | CRP | CHD | HR: 1.50 (1.14–1.97) | Age, smoking | 8 |
| Scarabin 2003 | France and Northern Ireland | 10,500 | 55.0 ± 2.0 | 100.0 | 1991–1993 | PRIME Study (French participants) | FIB | CHD | RR: 1.26 (1.03–1.60) | Age, BMI, systolic blood pressure, TC, HDL, diabetes, smoking status | 6 |
| PRIME Study (Northern Ireland participants) | RR: 1.42 (1.06–2.16) | ||||||||||
| Cesari 2003 | USA | 2,225 | 74.0 ± 2.8 | 44.6 | 1997–2004 | Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC study) | CRP | CHD | RR: 1.11 (0.96–1.29) | Age, gender, race, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, BMI, HDL cholesterol, triglyceride, and albumin | 9 |
| Stroke | RR: 1.18 (0.91–1.53) | ||||||||||
| HF | RR: 1.48 (1.23–1.78) | ||||||||||
| IL-6 | CHD | RR: 1.27 (1.10–1.48) | |||||||||
| Stroke | RR: 1.45 (1.12–1.86) | ||||||||||
| HF | RR: 1.72 (1.40–2.12) | ||||||||||
| Vasan 2003 | USA | 732 | 78.4 ± 4.5 | 33.3 | 1992–1994 | Framingham Heart Study (FHS) | IL-6 | HF | HR: 1.36 (1.06–1.74) | Age, sex, diabetes, systolic blood pressure, hypertension treatment, smoking status, BMI, total cholesterol/HDL, valve disease, prevalent atrial fibrillation, prevalent cardiovascular disease, and ECG-LVH | 9 |
| Engström 2006 | Sweden | 6,075 | 46.8 ± 3.7 | 100.0 | 1974–1984 | A screening programme is approved and funded by Malmö's health services authority | FIB | Stroke | RR: 1.13 (0.99–1.29) | Age, BMI, diabetes, systolic blood pressure, physical activity, antihypertensive medication, current smoking, tobacco consumption, cholesterol, high alcohol consumption, log triglycerides, angina,occupation, marital status | 7 |
| Jeppesen 2008 | Denmark | 2,357 | 41–71 | 49.5 | 1982–1991 | Monitoring trends and determinants in cardiovascular disease project (MONICA) | CRP | CVD | HR: 1.33 (1.14–1.55) | Age, sex, smoking habit and total cholestero,waist circumference,levels of triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and level of physical activity | 7 |
| Davidson 2009 | Canada | 1,794 | 46.3 ± 18.3 | 49.9 | 1995–1999 | The Canadian Nova Scotia Health Survey (NSHS95) | CRP | CHD | HR: 1.28 (1.04–1.57) | Sex and framingham risk score | 6 |
| IL-6 | 1.07 (0.90–1.27) | ||||||||||
| Schnabel 2009 | USA | 2,863 | 61 ± 9 | 45 | 1998–2001 | The Framingham Offspring cohort | FIB | AF | HR: 0.94 (0.79–1.12) | Age, sex, smoking, systolic blood pressure, hypertension treatment, body mass index, diabetes, alcohol consumption, electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy, auscultatory valvular heart disease, myocardial infarction, and heart failure | 6 |
| CRP | HR: 1.05 (0.87–1.26) | ||||||||||
| IL-6 | 1.08 (0.91–1.29) | ||||||||||
| Smith 2010 | Sweden | 5,187 | 57.6 ± 5.9 | 41.0 | 1991–1994 | MDCS (Malmö Diet and Cancer Study)Cardiovascular Cohort (MDCCC) | CRP | HF | HR: 1.57 (1.28–1.94) | Age, sex, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, use of antihypertensive treatment, body mass index, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, current smoking,history of diabetes mellitus, and history of myocardial infarction | 8 |
| AF | HR: 1.18 (1.03–1.34) | ||||||||||
| Chei 2011 | Japan | 13,314 | 40–85 | 51.0 | 1985–2000 | Circulatory Risk in Communities Study (CIRCS) | CRP | Stroke | OR: 1.17 (1.01–1.35) | Systolic blood pressure, antihypertensive medication use, body mass index, alcohol intake category, cigarette smoking status, serum total cholesterol levels, log-transformed tryglyceride levels, and serum glucose category as well as matching for sex, age, community, year of serum stored, and fasting status | 7 |
| Schnabel 2013 | USA | 3,035 | 61.0 ± 9.0 | 47.0 | N/A | Framingham Heart Study (FHS) | CRP | CVD | HR: 1.21 (1.06–1.39) | Age, sex, smoking, systolic blood pressure, hypertension treatment, total/HDL cholesterol, body mass index, and diabetes | 7 |
| FIB | HR: 1.18 (1.03–1.36) | ||||||||||
| IL-6 | HR: 1.16 (1.01–1.32) | ||||||||||
| Daniels 2014 | USA | 1,397 | 70.0 ± 11.0 | 35.8 | 1992–2009 | Rancho Bernardo Study | Gal-3 | CHD | HR: 1.09 (0.92–1.30) | Age, sex, diabetes, hypertension, current smoking, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, HDL, estimated GFR, BMI, log10NT-proBNP | 6 |
| Yin 2014 | USA | 942 | 65.0 ± 9.0 | 69.0 | 1991–2008 | Framingham Heart Study (FHS) | CRP | MI | OR: 1.87 (1.09–3.19) | age, sex, current smoking status, statin use, systolic blood pressure, hypertension treatment status, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein–cholesterol, diabetes mellitus status, and body mass index | 7 |
| CVD | OR: 1.38 (1.13–1.69) | ||||||||||
| Ho 2014 | USA | 3,306 | 58.0 ± 9.0 | 46.0 | 1995–1998 | The Framingham Offspring cohort | Gal-3 | AF | HR: 1.13 (0.95–1.36) | Age, sex, clinical risk factors, alcohol, eGFR, BNP, CRP, echocardiographic parameters | 7 |
| Jagodzinski 2015 | Finland | 8,444 | 25–74 | 50.8 | 1997–2012 | FINRISK97 Study | Gal-3 | MI | HR: 1.06 (0.94–1.20) | Region of Finland, HDL and total cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, antihypertensive medication, smoking, prevalent diabetes, prevalent valvular heart disease, eGFR, galectin-3, NT-proBNP | 6 |
| Stroke | HR: 1.06 (0.94–1.18) | ||||||||||
| HF | HR: 1.09 (0.99–1.19) | ||||||||||
| Seven 2015 | Denmark | 6,502 | 45.9 ± 7.9 | 48.1 | N/A | Inter99 Study | CRP | Stroke | HR: 1.08 (0.88–1.33) | Sex, age, intervention group,total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, smoking status, systolic blood pressure, treatment for hypertension, baseline diabetes,BMI, HOMA-IR, eGFR, adiponectin, leptin | 6 |
| IHD | HR: 1.15 (1.00–1.32) | ||||||||||
| Appiah 2015 | USA | 10,601 | 59.6 ± 5.6 | 43.0 | 1993–2012 | Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study (ARIC) | FIB | CHD | HR: 1.00 (0.94–1.06) | Age, sex, race, ARIC center,education, smoking, alcohol intake, sports index, systolic blood pressure, body mass index, use of antihypertensive medications, diabetes mellitus, cholesterol medication, high-density cholesterol, and total cholesterol,total fibrinogen,high sensitivity C-reactive protein | 7 |
| Stroke | HR: 0.97 (0.87–1.07) | ||||||||||
| HF | HR: 1.05 (0.99–1.12) | ||||||||||
| AbouEzzeddine 2016 | USA | 1,614 | 54–71 | 47.0 | 1997–2009 | Epidemiologic research in Olmsted County | Gal-3 | HF | HR: 1.20 (1.03–1.41) | Age, sex, BMI, eGFR, hypertension, systolic blood pressure, CAD, diabetes mellitus, total cholesterol, HDL and smoking history | 9 |
| Dawood 2016 | USA | 25,841 | 64.5 ± 9.5 | 45.3 | 2003–2007 | REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke Study (REGARDS) | CRP | Stroke | HR: 1.06 (1.01–1.12) | Age, sex, race and socioeconomic status, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, congestive heart failure and warfarin/aspirin use | 6 |
| Appiah 2016 | USA | 5,888 | ≥65 | 90.0 | 1992–2013 | CHS population-based cohort | FIB | CHD | HR: 1.02 (0.95–1.10) | Age, sex, race, years of education and CHS center, smoking status, alcohol intake, physical activity, systolic blood pressure, BMI, antihypertensive medications use, diabetes, cholesterol medication use, HDL cholesterol and total cholestero, total fibrinogen | 7 |
| Stroke | HR: 0.88 (0.77–1.00) | ||||||||||
| HF | HR: 1.00 (0.92–1.08) | ||||||||||
| Silverman 2016 | USA | 6,781 | 45–84 | 50.0 | 2000–2007 | Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) | CRP | HF | HR: 1.17 (0.93–1.46) | Gender, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, MESA site | 6 |
| IL-6 | HR: 1.32 (0.91–1.93) | ||||||||||
| Tunstall 2017 | United Kingdom | 15,737 | 49.0 ± 8.3 | 52.0 | 1995–2009 | Scottish Heart Health Extended Cohort (SHHEC) | CRP | CHD | HR: 1.13 (1.06–1.19) | Use the Best and Extended ASSIGN Models | 7 |
| Ghorbani 2018 | USA | 2,477 | 57.0 ± 9.0 | 45.0 | 1995–2018 | Framingham Heart Study (FHS) | Gal-3 | CVD | HR: 1.20 (1.02–1.41) | Baseline galectin-3 levels, age, sex, systolic blood pressure, antihypertensive treatment, diabetes, body mass index, smoking, left ventricular hypertrophy, HDL to cholesterol ratio, estimated glomerular filtration rate, prevalent cardiovascular disease | 9 |
| HF | HR: 1.26 (1.00–1.59) | ||||||||||
| de Boer 2018 | USA | 22,756 | 60.0 ± 13.0 | 56.9 | 1989–2002 | Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS); Framingham Heart Study (FHS); Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA); Prevention of Renal and Vascular End-stage Disease (PREVEND) | FIB | HF | HR: 1.12 (1.03–1.22) | Age, sex, race/ethnicity, systolic blood pressure, hypertension treatment, body mass index, diabetes, smoking, presence of left ventricular hypertrophy or left bundle branch block, and previous myocardial infarction | 9 |
| IL-6 | HR: 1.10 (0.99–1.22) | ||||||||||
| CRP | HR: 1.04 (0.95–1.14) | ||||||||||
| Gal-3 | HR: 1.02 (0.93–1.12) | ||||||||||
| Subirana 2018 | Spain | 5,404 | 35–74 | 49.4 | 1995–2005 | REGICOR population-cohorts | CRP | CAD | HR: 1.00 (0.76, 1.33) | Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, total cholesterol, diabetes, smoking | 6 |
| IL-6 | HR: 1.34 (1.03, 1.74) | ||||||||||
| Ho 2018 | USA | 3,523 | 62.0 ± 8.0 | 47.0 | 1998–2018 | Framingham Heart Study (FHS) | CRP | HF | HR: 1.38 (1.19–1.60) | Age, sex, systolic blood pressure, hypertension treatment, diabetes mellitus, body mass index, smoking, total and HDL cholesterol, and history of atrial fibrillation, prevalent myocardial infarction | 7 |
| Leening 2018 | USA | 3,285 | 50–79 | 0.0 | 1994–2005 | Women's Health Initiative Observational Study (WHI OS) | CRP | CVD | HR: 1.20 (1.11–1.30) | Age, race/ethnicity, treated and untreated systolic blood pressure, total and HDL cholesterol levels, diabetes mellitus, and smoking status | 7 |
| CHD | HR: 1.21 (1.09–1.34) | ||||||||||
| Stroke | HR: 1.23 (1.11–1.35) | ||||||||||
| Magnussen 2019 | Europe | 40,656 | 21–99 | 48.3 | N/A | DanMONICA, FINRISK, Moli-sani, Northern Sweden | CRP | HF | Men: HR: 1.31 (1.23–1.41) | Body mass index, systolic blood pressure, antihypertensive medication, total cholesterol, diabetes, daily smoking | 8 |
| Women: HR: 1.10 (1.00–1.20) | |||||||||||
| Aguilar 2020 | USA | 6,538 | 62.5 ± 5.6 | 58.1 | 2011–2013 | Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study (ARIC) visit 5 | Gal-3 | CHD | HR: 1.33 (0.68–2.60) | Age, sex, race, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, antihypertensive medication, current smoking, and diabetes mellitus status except for heart failure, estimated glomerular filtration rate,log N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and log high-sensitivity cardiac troponin | 7 |
| Stroke | HR: 1.02 (0.43–2.43) | ||||||||||
| HF | HR: 1.93 (1.15–3.24) | ||||||||||
| Fernandez 2020 | Sweden | 4,469 | 57.2 ± 5.9 | 39.5 | 1991–2016 | Malmö Diet and Cancer-Cardiovascular Cohort (MDC-CC) | IL-6 | HF | HR: 1.22 (1.10–1.37) | Age, sex,GDF-15, IL-6, ST2, uPAR | 6 |
| Dykun 2022 | N/A | 8,563 | 64.6 ± 9.3 | 78.0 | N/A | Assessment of Clinical Effects of Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Inhibitor with Evacetra pib in Patients with High-Risk for Vascular Outcomes (ACCELERATE) | CRP | Stroke | HR: 1.32 (1.08–1.62) | Age, race, sex, region, smoking status, body mass index, diabetes, baseline high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, baseline low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, baseline high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, baseline systolic blood pressure, baseline statin use, and treatment group | 6 |
| MI | HR: 1.28 (1.12–1.46) |
IHD, ischemic heart disease; MI, myocardial infarction; CVD, cardiovascular disease; CHD, coronary heart disease; HF, heart failure; CAD, coronary artery disease; AF, atrial fibrillation.