Table 2.

Differential diagnosis of CV2/CRMP5 antibody-associated PNS

Manifestations	Differential diagnosis	References
LE	Gliomas, herpes virus, status epilepticus, anti-LGI1 LE	–
Chorea	Anti-IgLON5 disease, Huntington’s disease, atypical manifestations of degenerative and hereditary neurological disorders, toxic and metabolic causes	Kyle et al., 2022; Sturchio et al., 2022
Ocular manifestations	Ischemic causes, infectious inflammatory diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, or spirochetes, nodular disease, lymphoma, multiple sclerosis, and neuromyelitis optica	Cross et al., 2003
CA	Infection encephalopathy, heredity encephalopathy, vasculitis encephalopathy, poisoning encephalopathy, metabolism encephalopathy, cerebellar form of Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease, multiple system atrophy, and GAD antibody-associated CA	Narayan et al., 2020
Myelopathy	Neuromyelitis optica, ischemic myelopathy, multiple sclerosis, and vitamin B12 deficiency	Keegan et al., 2008; Flanagan et al., 2011
Peripheral neuropathy	Diabetes, hypothyroidism/hyperthyroidism, vitamin B12/folic acid deficiency, rheumatoid arthritis, infectious causes, subacute onset peripheral neuropathies, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, vasculitis, and other PNS affecting peripheral nerves	Castelli et al., 2020; Zoccarato et al., 2021

CA: Cerebellar ataxia; GAD: glutamic acid decarboxylase; IgLON5: immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecule 5; LE: limbic encephalitis; LGI1: leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1; PNS: paraneoplastic neurological syndrome.