Additional Table 2.

Summary of 13 studies in amblyopia used a single modality of task-based functional MRI

Studies	Analysis method	Amblyopiceye and type	Patients number and age*	Ways and proportion oftreatment received	Controls number and age*	Main findings
Temporospatial resolution stimuli (black and whitecheckerboards or grating)
Lee et al., 2001	Brain activation (ROI)	PediatricAA: 1OS, 5OD; SA: 3OS, 2OD; 4ES, 1EX	AA: 5M/1F, (8-17) y; SA: 3M/2F, (5-23) y	NA	2M/1F, (18-22) y	Cortical activations in V1 at the higher spatial frequency decreased in AA than HC, not in SA vs HC. The ratio of the activated voxel numbers of fellow and amblyopic eye monocular stimulations in V1 of SA was smaller than both AA and HC.
Wanget al., 2012	Brain activation (ROI)	PediatricAA and SA: NA	AA: 20, 8.0±1.6 (7-12) y; SA: 17, 7.0±2.3 (7-12) y	NA	16, 8.5±1.3 (7-12) y	Amblyopia showed lower activation in the striate and extrastriate cortex than HC. SA showed lower brain activation in V2 and temporal and parietal lobes than AA at all spatial frequencies. Lower cortical activations were found especially in V1 of AA but mainly inV2 of SA athigh spatialfrequency compared to HC.
Li et al., 2012	Brain activation(ROI)	PediatricAA: 6OS, 4OD	5M/5F, (5-11) y	NA	10, (5-12) y	Weaker fMRI activation in the striate cortex and extrastriate cortices of AA evoked from the AME than the fellow eye, which did not exist in HC during the checkerboard stimulation.
Li et al., 2013a	Brain activation(ROI)	AA: 2OS, 3OD	3M/2F, (16-27) y	Untreated	4, (25-28) y	Weaker fMRI activation was reported in the V1 and V2 at all spatial and temporal frequencystimuli withAME of AA than thatof the non-dominant eye of HC.
Muckli et al., 2006	Brain activation(ROI)	Adult AA: 2OS, 2OD; Adult SA: 2OS, 2OD	AA: 2F/2M, (24-67) y; SA: 2F/2M, (25-46) y	Patch SA 2/4, AA 1/4	3F/1M, (19-67) y	Lower cortical activations in V3a/VP, V4/V8, and lateral occipital complex were found in AA and SA than HC, respectively, especially in the lateral occipital complex evoked by high spatial frequencygrating stimuli.
Tasks tomeasure the functional defect of attention modulation and motion perception
Hou et al., 2016	Brain activation (ROI), ROI-wise FC	Adult SA: 3ES, 10EX	6M/7F, 42.5±12.9(24-62) y	Patch9/13Surgery 7/13	7M/5F, 40.1±9.8 (25-60) y	During an attentional modulation task, activations in V1, V4, and MT+ were weaker in the AME of SA, which existed in V4 and MT+, not V1 of the fellow eye than HC. The activation in V1 was correlated with interocular visual acuity difference and interocular suppression inpatients with SA.
Wanget al., 2017	Brain activation (ROI), ROI-wise FC	SA: 4OS, 4OD; 4ES, 4EX	4M/4F, 22.6±5.1 (17-30) y	Surgery 8/8	8, 26.3±1.8 (24-30) y	Weaker brain activations corresponded to AME of SA were found in the intraparietal sulcus, FEF, and V5 than HC for both motion salience task and voluntary saccade task. Lower activation in V1 during the voluntary saccade task was shown in AME of SA than both the fellow eye of SA and HC. There was lower FC between FEF with V1 and V5 during the motion salience task in AME than the fellow eye of SA when compared with HC.
Thompsonet al., 2019	Brain activation (ROI), ROI-wise FC	Adult SA: 3OS, 2OD; 4ES,1EX	4M/1F, (21-49) y	Glasses 1/5 Patch2/5 Surgery 2/5	5, mean age 35 (25-28) y	During the dichoptic stimuli long-range suppression task, there was no interocular differences in brain activation magnitude in V1, V2, and V3 and no altered effective connectivitybetween V1 and V2, V2 and V3 between adult SA and controls.
Hoand Giaschi, 2009	Brain activation (whole brain voxel-wise), ROI	PediatricSA: 1ES, 2EX; PediatricAA: 2ES, 1EX, 1orthophoria	SA: 3, 14.4±1 (13.5-15.5) y; AA: 4, 14.2±1.1 (12.9-15.7) y	Patch SA 1/3, AA 4/4 Surgery SA 1/3	4, 15.4±0.9 (14-16) y	For healthy controls, low-level RDKs elicited stronger functional activity in posterior occipital areas and high-level RDKs elicited greater activations in extrastriate and occipitoparietal areas. AA showed the same pattern of cortical activation but with a less extent of activation than controls. For SA, there was almost no difference in the activation between low and high level RDKs.
Bonhommeet al., 2006	Brain activation (ROI)	AA: 2OS	1M/1F, 12/13 y	Glasses 1/2	4, NA for age	Less activation in motion sensitive areas V5 and V3a evoked from the AME than the fellow eye of amblyopes compared tocontrols during motion stimulation.
Tasks toexplore the functional activation pattern and magnitude of retinotopic representations
Farivar et al., 2019	Brain activation (ROI)	Adult AA: NA	AA: NA 15M/4F, 24.2±2.2(20-28) y	NA	4F/6M, 25.2±1.2 y	Lower fMRI activation magnitude evoked from AME and greater interocular deviations of fMRI response location in V1, V2, and V3 were found in patients with AA than HC. Both interocular magnitude ratio and location deviations of fMRI response correlated withinterocular visual acuitydifference in AA.
Huang et al., 2017	Brain activation (ROI)	Adult AA: NA	16M/4F, 24.2±2.2 (20-28) y	NA	10, 25.2±1.2y	Smaller activated cluster sizes were found in V1, V2, and V3 evoked from the AME of AA than that of the fellow eye of AA and the dominant eye of HC, and the cluster sizes in V1, V2, and V3 evoked from the AME correlated negatively with the visual acuity of AME at fovea andparafovea eccentricities.
Clavagnier et al., 2015	Brain activation (ROI)	Adult SA: 2OS, 6OD; 4EX, 4ES	3M/5F, mean age 33.5 (20-60) y	Patch7/8 Surgery 2/8	4M, mean age 27.5 (21-31) y	Larger population receptive field sizes and more disarrayed population receptive field were found in V1, V2, and V3 of patients with SA. There was no difference in the cortical magnification factor inV1, V2, and V3 of SA vs HC.

*Age represented as mean ± standard deviation or range. AA: anisometropic amblyopia; AME: amblyopic eye; ES: esotropia; EX: exotropia; F: female; FC: functional connectivity; FEF: frontal eye fields; fMRI: functional MRI; HC: healthy controls; M: male; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; MT+: middle temporal complex; NA: not applicable; OD: right eye; OS: left eye; RDKs: random-dot kinematogram stimuli; ROI: region of interest; SA: strabismic amblyopia; V3a: V3 accessory; VP: ventral posterior area; y: years.