Additional Table 3.
Summary of 14 studies in amblyopia used a single modality of resting-state functional MRI
| Studies | Analysis method | Amblyopiceye and type | Patients number and age* | Ways and proportionof treatment received | Controls number and age* | Main findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Regionalhomogeneity (ReHo) | ||||||
| Yang et al., 2019 | ReHo (whole brain) | Adult SA: 5OS, 7OD | 4M/8F, 23.9±5.3 (18-35) y | NA | 12M/22F, 24.1±2.8 y | SA showed lower ReHo in V1, V2 and superior occipital gyrus and higher ReHo in the precuneus than HC. The ReHo of the precuneus negatively correlated with the age of AA patients. |
| Shao et al., 2019 | ReHo (whole brain) | Adult SA: 5ES, 11EX | 6M/10F, 24.5±5.9 y | No ophthalmic surgery | 6M/10F, 24.9±5.2 y | Higher ReHo in V2, bilateral middle occipital gyrus, precentral gyrus and right precuneus and lower ReHo in the left inferior frontal gyrus were found in SA than HC. |
| Amplitudeof low frequency fluctuation (ALFF) | ||||||
| Lianget al., 2016 | ALFF (whole brain) | Pediatric AA: 9OS, 6OD; Adult AA: 10OS, 5OD | Pediatric AA: 6M/9F,10.2±1.5 (8-12) y; Adult AA: 10M/5F, 21.5±4.7 (18-30) y | No amblyopia treatment inthe past month | Children:6M/7F, 10.9±2.1 (7-13) y; Adults: 10M/8F, 22.8±3.7 (18-30) y | Higher ALFF in bilateral V1 and left V2 was demonstrated in pediatric AA than HC. Lower ALFF in bilateral precuneus of adult AA positively correlated with patients’ amountof anisometropia. |
| Tanget al., 2017 | ALFF (whole brain) | AA: 8OD | 4F/4M, 14.5±5.0 (9-25) y | No surgery | 4F/6M, 19.4 ± 5.0 (10-25) y | Higher ALFF in the right inferior semi-lunar lobe, left inferior parietal lobe, and left superior temporal gyrus and lower ALFF in bilateral MFG were found in patients with AA thanHC. |
| Minet al., 2018 | ALFF (whole brain) | Adult SA: 5ES, 11EX | 6M/10F, 24.5±5.9 y | No ophthalmic surgery | 6M/10F, 24.9±5.2 y | SA showed higher ALFF in the left cuneus, right superior frontal gyrus, bilateral precentral gyrus, and precuneus and lower ALFF in the left cerebellum and left MFG thanHC. |
| Functionalconnectivity (FC) | ||||||
| Shiet al., 2022 | Voxel-wise FC | Pediatric SA: NA | 14M/12F, 8.2±2.1 y | No ophthalmic surgery | 14M/12F, 8.4 ± 1.9 y | Compared withHC, lower global FCD in the left cerebellum, and superior frontal gyrus, and higher globalFCD inthe bilateral angular gyrus, right superior parietal gurus, and rightMFG were foundin patientswith SA. The local FCD was lower in the bilateral cerebellum andhigher inrightsuperior parietalgyrus inSA than HC. |
| Peng et al., 2021 | VMHC | Pediatric SA: 14ES, 10EX | 16M/8F, 9.3±3.2 y | No ophthalmic surgery | 16M/8F, 9.9±2.8 y | SA showed lower VMHC in bilateral inferior temporal gyrus, bilateral cerebellum, bilateral frontal superior orbital gyrus, and bilateral superior frontal gyrus than HC. |
| Zhanget al., 2021 | VMHC | Adult SA: NA | 8M/9F, 23.6±5.2 y | No ophthalmic surgery | 8M/9F, 23.2±5.8 y | SA showed higher VMHC values in bilateral caudate, anterior cingulate gyrus 1, and cerebellum crus than HC. The esotropia deviations of patients correlated with the VMHCof the cerebellum crus 1. |
| Wu et al., 2020 | DC (whole brain) | Adult SA: 5ES, 11EX | 6M/10F, 24.5±5.9 y | No ophthalmic surgery | 6M/10F, 24.9±5.2 y | SA showed higher DC in left fusiform gyrus, right lingual gyrus, and right middle occipital gyrus and lower DC in the left middle frontal gyrus and bilateral angular gyri than HC. |
| Liu et al., 2022 | ROI-wise FC | Adult SA: 6ES ,10EX | 5M/11F, 25.7±4.9 y | No ophthalmic surgery | 5M/11F, 25.0± 5.3 y | Lower FC between left V1 and bilateral lingual/angular gyri, and lower FC between right V1 and left cuneus, right inferior occipital gyrus, and left inferior parietal lobule were found inpatients with SA thanHC. |
| Lianget al., 2017 | VMHC | SA: 12OS, 6OD; 12ES, 6EX; AA: 13OS, 6OD | SA: 8M/10F, 24.3±6.9 y; AA: 13M/6F, 21.2±5.1 y | SA: Surgery 18/18 AA: NA | 12M/8F, 22.8±4.2 y | Compared with HC, higher VMHC was founded in the fusiform gyrus of AA, which was lower in patients of SA than HC. Both patients with SA and AA showed higher VMHC in lingual gyrus than HC, and AA showed higher VMHC in lingual than SA. The VMHC in fusiform gyrus positively correlated with the amount of anisometropia inAA group. |
| Wang et al., 2014 | Voxel-wise FC, ROI-wise FC | Pediatric AA: 6OS, 8OD | 11M/3F, 9.6±2.9 (5-15) y | Glasses 3/14 | 6M/3F, 11.3±2.9 (5-15) y | AA showed lower short-range FCD in the left inferior temporal gyrus/fusiform gyrus and left dorsal parieto-occipital cortex, and lower long-range FCD in frontal-insular cortex, premotor cortex, and dorsal inferior parietal lobe than HC. Most regions with reduced long-range FCD showed reduced FC with occipital and posterior parietal cortices. |
| Lu et al., 2019 | ROI-wise FC | Adult AA: NA | 12M/6F, 23.7±1.9 (20-27) y | NA | 14M/4F, 25.2±1.8 (23-29) y | AA showed less FC in the extrastriate network (key nodes including V2, V3, and V4) and visuospatial network (key nodes including superior parietal lobule, intraparietal area 3, and frontal eye field, etc.) compared to HC. The local efficiency in V3, V4, and inferior parietal area was lower in patients with AA thanHC. |
| Ding et al., 2013 | ROI-wise FC | AA: 7OS, 5OD,1OU | AA: 5M/8F, 22.3±7.2 (17-43) y | No ophthalmic surgery | 8M/13F, 23.5±2.1 y | AA showed lower FC between bilateral V1 and the inferior parietal lobe and cerebellum, respectively, than HC. |
* Age represented as mean ± standard deviation or range. AA: anisometropic amblyopia; DC: degree centrality; ES: esotropia; EX: exotropia; F: female; FCD: functional connectivity density; HC: healthy controls; M: male; MFG: middle frontal gyrus; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; NA: not applicable; OD: right eye; OS: left eye; OU: both eyes; ROI: region of interest; SA: strabismic amblyopia; SFG: superior frontal gyrus;VMHC: voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity; y: years.