FIGURE 2.

The two VPPs are still evident even when averaging data from all individuals of a breed. Subplots show mean VPP_TL and VPP_PL for all analyzed breeds at walk and trot. Ground reaction forces and leg orientation are mean values for all individuals and strides of each bread. The red arrows correspond to the mean GRF of the thoracic limbs, while the blue arrows correspond to the mean GRF of the pelvic limbs. Distal points of the legs and GRF were computed relative to the proximal joints. Therefore, the proximal joints can be displayed as fixed points (see methods). Superimposed squares display means and SD of the vertical and fore-aft components of the GRF in BW. Superimposed dog sketches were included for an easier interpretation of the figures. They were not isometrically scaled. Beagle (N = 5), strides walk = 84 for pelvic limbs and 77 for the thoracic limbs; strides trot = 104 for pelvic limbs and 85 for the thoracic limbs. French Bulldog (N = 4), strides walk = 71 for pelvic limbs and 68 for the thoracic limbs; strides trot = 75 for pelvic limbs and 49 for the thoracic limbs. Malinois (N = 4), strides walk = 35 for pelvic limbs and 42 for the thoracic limbs; strides trot = 34 for pelvic limbs and 28 for the thoracic limbs. Whippet (N = 5), strides walk = 73 for pelvic limbs and 74 for the thoracic limbs; strides trot = 75 for pelvic limbs and 78 for the thoracic limbs. GRF profiles for each breed can be found in the Supplementary Figures S3–S6.