TABLE 2.

Pelvic limb: components of the axial (Fa_PL vs. Δl_PL) and the tangential leg function (M _PL vs. ϕ_PL)

% Of stance time	1	25	50	75	99
Beagle
Δl PL (w)	−0.01 ± 0	−0.05 ± 0.04	−0.02 ± 0.04	−0.02 ± 0.03	0.03 ± 0.03
Δl PL (t)	−0.003 ± 0	−0.071 ± 0.01	−0.074 ± 0.02	−0.010 ± 0.013	0.057 ± 0.01
FaPL (w)	0.06 ± 0	0.45 ± 0.03	0.29 ± 0.03	0.32 ± 0.03	0.06 ± 0.02
FaPL (t)	0.042 ± 0.001	0.552 ± 0.009	0.747 ± 0.016	0.426 ± 0.013	0.044 ± 0.009
ϕPL (w) [°]	68.9 ± 1.4	80.1 ± 2.7	92.1 ± 3.1	106.6 ± 3.5	116.7 ± 3.5
ϕPL (t) [°]	73.7 ± 1.5	85.3 ± 1.7	97.6 ± 2.5	106.8 ± 4.1	114.0 ± 4.2
M PL (w)	0.020 ± 0.005	0.085 ± 0.037	0.043 ± 0.021	0.009 ± 0.015	−0.007 ± 0.009
M PL (t)	0.001 ± 0.006	0.041 ± 0.014	0.001 ± 0.022	−0.005 ± 0.013	0.009 ± 0.008
French Bulldog
Δl PL (w)	−0.003 ± 0	−0.028 ± 0.02	−0.053 ± 0.026	−0.062 ± 0.033	−0.036 ± 0.04
Δl PL (t)	−0.002 ± 0	−0.047 ± 0.01	−0.058 ± 0.014	−0.024 ± 0.01	0.011 ± 0.012
FaPL (w)	0.04 ± 0	0.28 ± 0.02	0.28 ± 0.03	0.27 ± 0.03	0.05 ± 0.033
FaPL (t)	0.03 ± 0	0.40 ± 0.01	0.51 ± 0.01	0.36 ± 0.01	0.03 ± 0.014
ϕPL (w) [°]	70.5 ± 3.8	76.5 ± 3.6	87.3 ± 2.6	100.8 ± 1.74	112.5 ± 3.6
ϕPL (t) [°]	72.6 ± 3.2	81.0 ± 3	89.9 ± 2.9	97.9 ± 2.6	104.3 ± 2.9
M PL (w)	0.010 ± 0.027	0.038 ± 0.106	0.033 ± 0.074	0.022 ± 0.034	0.005 ± 0.008
M PL (t)	−0.012 ± 0.012	−0.075 ± 0.014	−0.218 ± 0.01	−0.144 ± 0.01	−0.002 ± 0.006
Malinois
Δl PL (w)	−0.006 ± 0	−0.061 ± 0.025	−0.052 ± 0.02	−0.028 ± 0.031	0.040 ± 0.028
Δl PL (t)	−0.004 ± 0	−0.085 ± 0.013	−0.09 ± 0.02	−0.011 ± 0.02	0.075 ± 0.019
FaPL (w)	0.05 ± 0	0.41 ± 0.021	0.33 ± 0.022	0.33 ± 0.06	0.04 ± 0.02
FaPL (t)	0.03 ± 0	0.65 ± 0.01	0.83 ± 0.02	0.51 ± 0.022	0.02 ± 0.01
ϕPL (w) [°]	70.9 ± 3.8	83.3 ± 4.7	97.0 ± 5.2	113.0 ± 5.1	123.0 ± 7.5
ϕPL (t) [°]	73.8 ± 3.2	86.4 ± 3.5	100.1 ± 4.1	111.1 ± 5.2	117.9 ± 5.7
M PL (w)	0.012 ± 0.015	0.063 ± 0.028	0.016 ± 0.023	−0.021 ± 0.024	−0.008 ± 0.013
M PL (t)	0.007 ± 0.012	0.046 ± 0.014	−0.025 ± 0.01	−0.036 ± 0.01	−0.002 ± 0.006
Whippet
Δl PL (w)	−0.004 ± 0	−0.045 ± 0.02	−0.044 ± 0.026	−0.030 ± 0.022	0.009 ± 0.033
Δl PL (t)	−0.003 ± 0	−0.063 ± 0.011	−0.073 ± 0.021	−0.021 ± 0.026	0.045 ± 0.025
FaPL (w)	0.06 ± 0	0.39 ± 0.02	0.32 ± 0.021	0.29 ± 0.01	0.05 ± 0.03
FaPL (t)	0.03 ± 0	0.55 ± 0.01	0.62 ± 0.05	0.45 ± 0.02	0.03 ± 0.02
ϕPL (w) [°]	72.6 ± 3.1	82.8 ± 3.2	93.5 ± 3.3	106.1 ± 5	117.0 ± 5.6
ϕPL (t) [°]	75.3 ± 2	85.6 ± 3	97.6 ± 4.2	108.0 ± 5	114.2 ± 4.4
M PL (w)	0.005 ± 0.016	0.055 ± 0.012	0.014 ± 0.014	−0.023 ± 0.023	−0.008 ± 0.005
M PL (t)	0.007 ± 0.007	0.048 ± 0.022	−0.010 ± 0.035	−0.030 ± 0.030	−0.001 ± 0.009

Mean values ±SD, for the axial force (Fa_PL, Fa/mg), the leg length change (Δl_PL = l/l ₀-1), the angle between leg and trunk vector (ϕ_PL), and the hip torque (M _PL) at walk (w) and trot (t). Note that Fa_PL, Δl_PL, and M _PL, are dimensionless. l is leg length and l ₀ leg length at TD; m, mass and g, gravity.