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. 2023 Jul 19;2023(7):CD011585. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011585.pub2

Comparison 1. Rifaximin versus placebo/no intervention.

Outcome or subgroup title No. of studies No. of participants Statistical method Effect size
1.1 Mortality 13 1007 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.83 [0.50, 1.38]
1.1.1 Chronic hepatic encephalopathy 3 171 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.91 [0.21, 4.00]
1.1.2 Minimal hepatic encephalopathy 6 354 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.61 [0.21, 1.78]
1.1.3 Prevention of hepatic encephalopathy 4 482 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.91 [0.49, 1.70]
1.2 Serious adverse events 9 801 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.05 [0.83, 1.32]
1.2.1 Chronic hepatic encephalopathy 2 131 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.06 [0.39, 2.87]
1.2.2 Minimal hepatic encephalopathy 3 188 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 2.11 [0.57, 7.86]
1.2.3 Prevention of hepatic encephalopathy 4 482 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.02 [0.81, 1.30]
1.3 Health‐related quality of life 4 214 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.43 [‐2.87, 0.02]
1.3.1 Chronic hepatic encephalopathy 1 38 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.00 [‐0.73, 0.73]
1.3.2 Minimal hepatic encephalopathy 3 176 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐2.07 [‐2.79, ‐1.35]
1.4 Hepatic encephalopathy 13 1009 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.56 [0.42, 0.77]
1.4.1 Chronic hepatic encephalopathy 3 171 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.75 [0.29, 1.95]
1.4.2 Minimal hepatic encephalopathy 6 364 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.40 [0.31, 0.52]
1.4.3 Prevention of hepatic encephalopathy 4 474 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.75 [0.54, 1.03]
1.5 Mortality (worst‐case) 13 1007 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.95 [0.62, 1.45]
1.5.1 Chronic hepatic encephalopathy 3 171 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.18 [0.61, 2.30]
1.5.2 Minimal hepatic encephalopathy 6 354 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.61 [0.21, 1.78]
1.5.3 Prevention of hepatic encephalopathy 4 482 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.91 [0.49, 1.70]
1.6 Serious adverse events (worst‐case) 9 801 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.06 [0.85, 1.32]
1.6.1 Chronic hepatic encephalopathy 2 131 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.12 [0.66, 1.89]
1.6.2 Minimal hepatic encephalopathy 3 188 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 2.11 [0.57, 7.86]
1.6.3 Prevention of hepatic encephalopathy 4 482 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.02 [0.81, 1.30]
1.7 Hepatic encephalopathy (worst‐case) 13 1009 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.58 [0.42, 0.79]
1.7.1 Chronic hepatic encephalopathy 3 171 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.88 [0.52, 1.51]
1.7.2 Minimal hepatic encephalopathy 6 364 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.40 [0.31, 0.52]
1.7.3 Prevention of hepatic encephalopathy 4 474 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.75 [0.54, 1.03]
1.8 Mortality (extreme worst‐case) 13 1007 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.05 [0.62, 1.77]
1.8.1 Chronic hepatic encephalopathy 3 171 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 4.43 [0.43, 45.34]
1.8.2 Minimal hepatic encephalopathy 6 354 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.61 [0.21, 1.78]
1.8.3 Prevention of hepatic encephalopathy 4 482 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.91 [0.49, 1.70]
1.9 Serious adverse events (extreme worst‐case) 9 801 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.38 [0.87, 2.19]
1.9.1 Chronic hepatic encephalopathy 2 131 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 3.75 [0.62, 22.68]
1.9.2 Minimal hepatic encephalopathy 3 188 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 2.11 [0.57, 7.86]
1.9.3 Prevention of hepatic encephalopathy 4 482 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.02 [0.81, 1.30]
1.10 Hepatic encephalopathy (extreme worst‐case) 13 1009 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.62 [0.44, 0.87]
1.10.1 Chronic hepatic encephalopathy 3 171 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.40 [1.03, 1.90]
1.10.2 Minimal hepatic encephalopathy 6 364 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.40 [0.31, 0.52]
1.10.3 Prevention of hepatic encephalopathy 4 474 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.75 [0.54, 1.03]
1.11 Mortality (best‐case) 13 1007 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.83 [0.50, 1.38]
1.11.1 Chronic hepatic encephalopathy 3 171 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.91 [0.21, 4.00]
1.11.2 Minimal hepatic encephalopathy 6 354 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.61 [0.21, 1.78]
1.11.3 Prevention of hepatic encephalopathy 4 482 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.91 [0.49, 1.70]
1.12 Serious adverse events (best‐case) 9 801 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.05 [0.83, 1.32]
1.12.1 Chronic hepatic encephalopathy 2 131 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.06 [0.39, 2.87]
1.12.2 Minimal hepatic encephalopathy 3 188 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 2.11 [0.57, 7.86]
1.12.3 Prevention of hepatic encephalopathy 4 482 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.02 [0.81, 1.30]
1.13 Hepatic encephalopathy (best‐case) 13 1009 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.56 [0.42, 0.77]
1.13.1 Chronic hepatic encephalopathy 3 171 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.75 [0.29, 1.95]
1.13.2 Minimal hepatic encephalopathy 6 364 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.40 [0.31, 0.52]
1.13.3 Prevention of hepatic encephalopathy 4 474 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.75 [0.54, 1.03]
1.14 Mortality (extreme best‐case) 13 1007 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.67 [0.41, 1.11]
1.14.1 Chronic hepatic encephalopathy 3 171 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.26 [0.08, 0.86]
1.14.2 Minimal hepatic encephalopathy 6 354 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.61 [0.21, 1.78]
1.14.3 Prevention of hepatic encephalopathy 4 482 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.91 [0.49, 1.70]
1.15 Serious adverse events (extreme best‐case) 9 801 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.91 [0.60, 1.36]
1.15.1 Chronic hepatic encephalopathy 2 131 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.40 [0.18, 0.90]
1.15.2 Minimal hepatic encephalopathy 3 188 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 2.11 [0.57, 7.86]
1.15.3 Prevention of hepatic encephalopathy 4 482 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.02 [0.81, 1.30]
1.16 Hepatic encephalopathy (extreme best‐case) 13 1009 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.55 [0.41, 0.73]
1.16.1 Chronic hepatic encephalopathy 3 171 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.49 [0.13, 1.86]
1.16.2 Minimal hepatic encephalopathy 6 364 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.40 [0.31, 0.52]
1.16.3 Prevention of hepatic encephalopathy 4 474 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.75 [0.54, 1.03]
1.17 Non‐serious adverse events 6 639 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 2.79 [0.44, 17.78]
1.17.1 Minimal hepatic encephalopathy 3 207 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 4.22 [0.52, 33.97]
1.17.2 Prevention of hepatic encephalopathy 3 432 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 2.29 [0.25, 20.54]
1.18 Blood ammonia 6 381 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 3.20 [‐7.74, 14.14]
1.18.1 Chronic hepatic encephalopathy 2 78 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐3.29 [‐23.18, 16.61]
1.18.2 Minimal hepatic encephalopathy 2 96 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 1.59 [‐13.32, 16.50]
1.18.3 Prevention of hepatic encephalopathy 2 207 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 10.49 [‐14.00, 34.98]
1.19 Blood ammonia (paired) 4 184 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐3.40 [‐8.10, 1.30]
1.19.1 Chronic hepatic encephalopathy 1 38 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐7.00 [‐13.16, ‐0.84]
1.19.2 Minimal hepatic encephalopathy 2 96 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐4.92 [‐11.40, 1.56]
1.19.3 Prevention of hepatic encephalopathy 1 50 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 1.50 [‐0.48, 3.48]
1.20 Number Connection Test A 4 203 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.31 [‐1.22, 0.60]
1.20.1 Chronic hepatic encephalopathy 1 38 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.30 [‐0.34, 0.94]
1.20.2 Minimal hepatic encephalopathy 2 115 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.01 [‐2.87, 0.85]
1.20.3 Prevention of hepatic encephalopathy 1 50 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.42 [‐0.14, 0.99]
1.21 Number Connection Test A (paired) 4 203 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.27 [‐0.71, 1.25]
1.21.1 Chronic hepatic encephalopathy 1 38 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.09 [‐0.54, 0.73]
1.21.2 Minimal hepatic encephalopathy 2 115 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.69 [‐1.77, 3.15]
1.21.3 Prevention of hepatic encephalopathy 1 50 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.30 [‐0.86, 0.25]