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. 2023 Jul 19;2023(7):CD011585. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011585.pub2

Comparison 2. Rifaximin versus non‐absorbable disaccharides.

Outcome or subgroup title No. of studies No. of participants Statistical method Effect size
2.1 Mortality 10 786 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.99 [0.49, 1.97]
2.1.1 Acute hepatic encephalopathy 2 274 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.53 [0.05, 5.66]
2.1.2 Chronic hepatic encephalopathy 2 85 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 2.80 [0.12, 63.20]
2.1.3 Minimal hepatic encephalopathy 3 214 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.19 [0.01, 3.93]
2.1.4 Prevention of hepatic encephalopathy 3 213 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.10 [0.51, 2.36]
2.2 Serious adverse events 8 681 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.97 [0.66, 1.40]
2.2.1 Acute hepatic encephalopathy 3 328 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.96 [0.31, 2.97]
2.2.2 Minimal hepatic encephalopathy 2 140 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 3.86 [0.86, 17.38]
2.2.3 Prevention of hepatic encephalopathy 3 213 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.87 [0.58, 1.31]
2.3 Health‐related quality of life 2 249 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.33 [‐1.65, 0.98]
2.3.1 Acute hepatic encephalopathy 1 171 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.30 [‐1.87, 2.47]
2.3.2 Minimal hepatic encephalopathy 1 78 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.70 [‐2.36, 0.96]
2.4 Hepatic encephalopathy 13 921 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.85 [0.69, 1.05]
2.4.1 Acute hepatic encephalopathy 4 378 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.65 [0.30, 1.38]
2.4.2 Chronic hepatic encephalopathy 4 146 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.78 [0.49, 1.24]
2.4.3 Minimal hepatic encephalopathy 2 184 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.92 [0.58, 1.45]
2.4.4 Prevention of hepatic encephalopathy 3 213 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.89 [0.54, 1.46]
2.5 Mortality (worst‐case) 10 786 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.93 [0.55, 1.56]
2.5.1 Acute hepatic encephalopathy 2 274 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.96 [0.42, 2.17]
2.5.2 Chronic hepatic encephalopathy 2 85 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.62 [0.12, 3.13]
2.5.3 Minimal hepatic encephalopathy 3 214 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.19 [0.01, 3.93]
2.5.4 Prevention of hepatic encephalopathy 3 213 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.10 [0.51, 2.36]
2.6 Mortality (extreme worst‐case) 10 786 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.02 [0.51, 2.03]
2.6.1 Acute hepatic encephalopathy 2 274 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.53 [0.05, 5.66]
2.6.2 Chronic hepatic encephalopathy 2 85 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 4.67 [0.24, 88.96]
2.6.3 Minimal hepatic encephalopathy 3 214 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.19 [0.01, 3.93]
2.6.4 Prevention of hepatic encephalopathy 3 213 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.10 [0.51, 2.36]
2.7 Mortality (best‐case) 10 786 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.99 [0.49, 1.97]
2.7.1 Acute hepatic encephalopathy 2 274 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.53 [0.05, 5.66]
2.7.2 Chronic hepatic encephalopathy 2 85 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 2.80 [0.12, 63.20]
2.7.3 Minimal hepatic encephalopathy 3 214 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.19 [0.01, 3.93]
2.7.4 Prevention of hepatic encephalopathy 3 213 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.10 [0.51, 2.36]
2.8 Mortality (extreme best‐case) 10 786 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.84 [0.43, 1.64]
2.8.1 Acute hepatic encephalopathy 2 274 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.53 [0.05, 5.66]
2.8.2 Chronic hepatic encephalopathy 2 85 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.31 [0.04, 2.61]
2.8.3 Minimal hepatic encephalopathy 3 214 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.19 [0.01, 3.93]
2.8.4 Prevention of hepatic encephalopathy 3 213 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.10 [0.51, 2.36]
2.9 Serious adverse events (extreme best‐case) 8 681 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.97 [0.66, 1.40]
2.9.1 Acute hepatic encephalopathy 3 328 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.96 [0.31, 2.97]
2.9.2 Minimal hepatic encephalopathy 2 140 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 3.86 [0.86, 17.38]
2.9.3 Prevention of hepatic encephalopathy 3 213 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.87 [0.58, 1.31]
2.10 Serious adverse events (best‐case) 8 681 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.93 [0.64, 1.36]
2.10.1 Acute hepatic encephalopathy 3 328 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.70 [0.22, 2.16]
2.10.2 Minimal hepatic encephalopathy 2 140 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 3.86 [0.86, 17.38]
2.10.3 Prevention of hepatic encephalopathy 3 213 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.87 [0.58, 1.31]
2.11 Serious adverse events (worst‐case) 8 681 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.93 [0.64, 1.36]
2.11.1 Acute hepatic encephalopathy 3 328 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.70 [0.22, 2.16]
2.11.2 Minimal hepatic encephalopathy 2 140 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 3.86 [0.86, 17.38]
2.11.3 Prevention of hepatic encephalopathy 3 213 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.87 [0.58, 1.31]
2.12 Serious adverse events (extreme worst‐case) 8 681 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.93 [0.64, 1.36]
2.12.1 Acute hepatic encephalopathy 3 328 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.70 [0.22, 2.16]
2.12.2 Minimal hepatic encephalopathy 2 140 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 3.86 [0.86, 17.38]
2.12.3 Prevention of hepatic encephalopathy 3 213 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.87 [0.58, 1.31]
2.13 Hepatic encephalopathy (worst‐case) 13 921 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.83 [0.68, 1.01]
2.13.1 Acute hepatic encephalopathy 4 378 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.65 [0.30, 1.38]
2.13.2 Chronic hepatic encephalopathy 4 146 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.76 [0.55, 1.06]
2.13.3 Minimal hepatic encephalopathy 2 184 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.92 [0.58, 1.45]
2.13.4 Prevention of hepatic encephalopathy 3 213 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.89 [0.54, 1.46]
2.14 Hepatic encephalopathy (extreme worst‐case) 13 921 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.88 [0.71, 1.09]
2.14.1 Acute hepatic encephalopathy 4 378 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.65 [0.30, 1.38]
2.14.2 Chronic hepatic encephalopathy 4 146 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.93 [0.61, 1.40]
2.14.3 Minimal hepatic encephalopathy 2 184 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.92 [0.58, 1.45]
2.14.4 Prevention of hepatic encephalopathy 3 213 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.89 [0.54, 1.46]
2.15 Hepatic encephalopathy (best‐case) 13 921 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.85 [0.69, 1.05]
2.15.1 Acute hepatic encephalopathy 4 378 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.65 [0.30, 1.38]
2.15.2 Chronic hepatic encephalopathy 4 146 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.78 [0.49, 1.24]
2.15.3 Minimal hepatic encephalopathy 2 184 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.92 [0.58, 1.45]
2.15.4 Prevention of hepatic encephalopathy 3 213 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.89 [0.54, 1.46]
2.16 Hepatic encephalopathy (extreme best‐case) 13 921 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.80 [0.64, 0.99]
2.16.1 Acute hepatic encephalopathy 4 378 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.65 [0.30, 1.38]
2.16.2 Chronic hepatic encephalopathy 4 146 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.64 [0.43, 0.97]
2.16.3 Minimal hepatic encephalopathy 2 184 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.92 [0.58, 1.45]
2.16.4 Prevention of hepatic encephalopathy 3 213 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.89 [0.54, 1.46]
2.17 Non‐serious adverse events 6 396 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.57 [0.15, 2.13]
2.17.1 Acute hepatic encephalopathy 2 157 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.24 [0.29, 5.41]
2.17.2 Chronic hepatic encephalopathy 1 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Not estimable
2.17.3 Minimal hepatic encephalopathy 3 212 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.27 [0.02, 3.88]
2.17.4 Prevention of hepatic encephalopathy 0 0 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Not estimable
2.18 Blood ammonia 10 599 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐6.78 [‐12.81, ‐0.75]
2.18.1 Acute hepatic encephalopathy 4 378 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐8.74 [‐26.31, 8.83]
2.18.2 Chronic hepatic encephalopathy 4 141 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐5.30 [‐9.02, ‐1.58]
2.18.3 Minimal hepatic encephalopathy 1 30 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐15.00 [‐16.62, ‐13.38]
2.18.4 Prevention of hepatic encephalopathy 1 50 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 2.60 [‐7.56, 12.76]
2.19 Blood ammonia (paired) 9 565 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.65 [‐4.48, 1.18]
2.19.1 Acute hepatic encephalopathy 4 378 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐3.11 [‐7.21, 0.98]
2.19.2 Chronic hepatic encephalopathy 3 107 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 2.69 [‐1.89, 7.27]
2.19.3 Minimal hepatic encephalopathy 1 30 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐13.00 [‐15.18, ‐10.82]
2.19.4 Prevention of hepatic encephalopathy 1 50 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 4.50 [2.17, 6.83]
2.20 Number Connection Test A 7 507 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.18 [‐0.46, 0.09]
2.20.1 Acute hepatic encephalopathy 2 218 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.42 [‐1.05, 0.21]
2.20.2 Chronic hepatic encephalopathy 2 80 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.49 [‐0.93, ‐0.04]
2.20.3 Minimal hepatic encephalopathy 2 159 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.06 [‐0.37, 0.25]
2.20.4 Prevention of hepatic encephalopathy 1 50 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.54 [‐0.02, 1.11]
2.21 Number Connection Test A (paired) 8 610 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.15 [‐0.85, 1.16]
2.21.1 Acute hepatic encephalopathy 3 321 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.34 [‐1.77, 1.08]
2.21.2 Chronic hepatic encephalopathy 2 80 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.61 [‐3.97, 0.75]
2.21.3 Minimal hepatic encephalopathy 2 159 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.05 [‐0.36, 0.26]
2.21.4 Prevention of hepatic encephalopathy 1 50 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 6.82 [5.32, 8.32]
2.22 Length of hospital stay 1 120 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.66 [‐1.33, 0.01]
2.22.1 Prevention of hepatic encephalopathy 1 120 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.66 [‐1.33, 0.01]