Table 1.
Descriptive statistics across time points
| Variables | Birth (N = 64) |
6 months (N = 8) |
1 year (N = 35) |
2 years (N = 32) |
3 years (N = 16) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DNA methylation age | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 0.29 (0.21) | 1.24 (0.36) | 2.12 (0.57) | 3.43 (0.72) | 5.17 (1.52) |
| Birthweight | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 2890 (553) | 2850 (546) | 2920 (586) | 2890 (588) | 2910 (613) |
| Low birthweight | |||||
| <2500 g | 17 (26.6%) | 3 (37.5%) | 10 (28.6%) | 9 (28.1%) | 4 (25.0%) |
| ≥2500 g | 47 (73.4%) | 5 (62.5%) | 25 (71.4%) | 23 (71.9%) | 12 (75.0%) |
| Sex | |||||
| Female | 33 (51.6%) | 6 (75.0%) | 22 (62.9%) | 21 (65.6%) | 10 (62.5%) |
| Male | 31 (48.4%) | 2 (25.0%) | 13 (37.1%) | 11 (34.4%) | 6 (37.5%) |
| Gestational age1 (weeks) | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 39.6 (1.45) | 39.3 (1.37) | 39.8 (1.16) | 39.7 (1.21) | 39.6 (1.16) |
| Missing | 0 (0%) | 1 (12.5%) | 2 (5.7%) | 2 (6.3%) | 0 (0%) |
| Maternal age | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 17.2 (3.60) | 18.6 (3.87) | 18.5 (4.69) | 18.3 (4.79) | 18.5 (5.29) |
| Missing | 3 (4.7%) | 1 (12.5%) | 2 (5.7%) | 2 (6.3%) | 0 (0%) |
| Parity | |||||
| Primigravida | 53 (82.8%) | 6 (75.0%) | 26 (74.3%) | 24 (75.0%) | 14 (87.5%) |
| Multigravida | 8 (12.5%) | 1 (12.5%) | 7 (20.0%) | 6 (18.8%) | 2 (12.5%) |
| Missing | 3 (4.7%) | 1 (12.5%) | 2 (5.7%) | 2 (6.3%) | 0 (0%) |
| Delivery method | |||||
| Cesarean | 19 (29.7%) | 1 (12.5%) | 10 (28.6%) | 8 (25.0%) | 5 (31.3%) |
| Vaginal | 45 (70.3%) | 7 (87.5%) | 25 (71.4%) | 24 (75.0%) | 11 (68.8%) |
| Alcohol in pregnancy | |||||
| Alcohol | 7 (10.9%) | 1 (12.5%) | 2 (5.7%) | 2 (6.3%) | 1 (6.3%) |
| No alcohol | 54 (84.4%) | 6 (75.0%) | 31 (88.6%) | 28 (87.5%) | 15 (93.8%) |
| Missing | 3 (4.7%) | 1 (12.5%) | 2 (5.7%) | 2 (6.3%) | 0 (0%) |
| Maternal BMI | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 25.9 (2.83) | 25.9 (2.41) | 25.9 (3.09) | 25.9 (3.10) | 25.2 (3.19) |
| Missing | 1 (1.6%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| War trauma | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 2.00 (1.07) | 1.13 (0.991) | 1.71 (0.987) | 1.72 (0.958) | 1.63 (0.885) |
| Chronic stress | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 7.83 (3.15) | 6.38 (3.38) | 7.89 (3.38) | 8.22 (3.41) | 9.06 (3.09) |
1Calculated using DNA methylation data and a gestational age epigenetic clock.
SD: Standard deviation.