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. 2023 Jul 20;21:489. doi: 10.1186/s12967-023-04336-8

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Spatial characteristics and differences between the ccRCC and paired paracancerous tissues. A Workflow of IMC data processing and analysis, including tissue preparation, antibody staining, image acquisition, single-cell segmentation, phenotype clustering, CN identification and clinical analysis. B Representative IMC images (P61) displaying the staining of 17-marker antibodies in cancerous and paracancerous tissues. C Top: Combined tSNE plot illustrating that cells were grouped into 8 major cell types and 27 cell clusters in the cancerous and paracancerous tissues of ccRCC based on the expression of 17 markers, and are colored according to the cell cluster types. Bottom: tSNE plots showing the 27 cell clusters in cancerous and paracancerous tissues of ccRCC, respectively, and are colored according to patients. The letter A reflects the paracancerous tissue, the letter T reflects the cancerous tissue. D Heatmap illustrating the 17-marker expression profiles of the 27 cell clusters. Scale bar indicates the mean expression intensity. E Differences in cell components between cancerous and paracancerous tissues of ccRCC, including CD8⁺ T cells, Ki67⁺CD8⁺ T cells, Treg, CD163⁻ macrophages, endothelial cells, mesenchymal cells and fibroblasts