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. 2023 Jul 7;14:1164851. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1164851

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Copyright © 2023 Zhang, Shen, Wang, Fan, Wang, Wuri, Zhang, He, Zhang, Liu, Liao, Zhang, Li and Zhang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Time of addition assays of Fan. (A) IPEC-J2 cells were cultured in 12-well plates and then treated using 20 μM Fan for 1 h before infection with the virus (pre-treatment), for 1 h during infection with the virus (co-treatment), for 23 h after infection with the virus removal (post-treatment), or during the whole infection period (full-time treatment). (B) PEDV RNA levels were determined using qRT-PCR analysis. (C, D) Western blotting detection of the effects of Fan (20 μM) on PEDV infection in IPEC-J2 cells various times (12–36 h). (E) The effects of Fan (20 μM) on PEDV N mRNA in IPEC-J2 cells for various times (12–36 h). VC, virus control; Pre, pre-treatment; Co, co-treatment; Po, post-treatment; Full, full-duration treatment. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; and ****P < 0.0001 indicate significant differences vs. the control group.