Table 1.
An overview of the theoretical-physicochemical characteristics of synthesized ZnO based photocatalysts.
| Samples | Method | Structure phase | Crystalline size (nm) | Diameter (nm) | Dislocation density (nm)−2 | Lacttice spacing, dhkl (Å) | Lattice parameters (Å) |
Volume of unit cell, (Å)3 | EDX mapping |
Bandgap (eV) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | c | Zn (mass%) | O (mass %) | Cu (mass %) | Ni (mass %) | |||||||||
| ZnO | Sol-gel | Hexagonal | 12.91 ± 0.84 | 26.43 ± 4.14 | 0.0059 | 2.8176 | 3.2534 | 5.6351 | 45.9146 | 82.88 | 17.12 | – | – | 3.44 |
| Cu/ZnO | Sol-gel | Hexagonal | 9.24 ± 0.46 | 33.46 ± 5.57 | 0.0117 | 2.8024 | 3.2359 | 5.6047 | 45.1776 | 82.45 | 16.41 | 1.14 | – | 3.30 |
| Ni/ZnO | Sol-gel | Hexagonal | 8.84 ± 0.71 | 34.43 ± 6.03 | 0.0127 | 2.8109 | 3.2412 | 5.6217 | 45.0757 | 72.09 | 27.71 | – | 0.20 | 3.16 |
| Cu/Ni/ZnO | Sol-gel | Hexagonal | 9.54 ± 0.67 | 30.99 ± 4.58 | 0.0109 | 2.8112 | 3.2460 | 5.6224 | 45.6020 | 81.45 | 15.98 | 1.97 | 0.60 | 3.35 |