Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants with diabetes by loneliness score
| Characteristics | Loneliness score | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 2 | |
| No. of participants (%) | 11303 (61.1) | 5481 (29.6) | 1725 (9.3) |
| Age, years | 59.6 ± 7.1 | 59.1 ± 7.2 | 57.5 ± 7.4 |
| Female sex, n (%) | 4543 (40.2) | 2269 (41.4) | 730 (42.3) |
| White ethnicity, n (%) | 10250 (91.0) | 4677 (85.8) | 1509 (87.9) |
| Townsend deprivation index | −1.0 ± 3.0 | −0.2 ± 3.5 | 0.3 ± 3.6 |
| Diabetes duration, years | 8.7 ± 10.4 | 9.2 ± 10.8 | 9.0 ± 10.3 |
| Type 1 diabetes, n (%) | 1009 (8.9) | 468 (8.5) | 173 (10.0) |
| Diabetes complications, n (%) | 285 (2.5) | 191 (3.5) | 61 (3.5) |
| Non-current smoker, n (%) | 10218 (90.4) | 4780 (87.2) | 1449 (84.0) |
| Moderate drinker, n (%) | 4980 (44.1) | 2137 (39.0) | 636 (36.9) |
| Physical activity, minutesa | 369.9 ± 639.0 | 337.3 ± 639.8 | 359.7 ± 1044.1 |
| Healthy diet score | 2.9 ± 1.2 | 2.7 ± 1.3 | 2.6 ± 1.3 |
| Depression score | 0.4 ± 0.9 | 1.1 ± 1.5 | 2.1 ± 1.8 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 30.9 ± 5.7 | 31.6 ± 6.2 | 32.2 ± 6.4 |
| Estimated GFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 89.7 ± 15.5 | 89.7 ± 16.6 | 91.9 ± 16.7 |
| Albumin-to-creatinine ratio, mg/g | 37.4 ± 182.1 | 51.0 ± 287.5 | 49.3 ± 217.3 |
| Family history, n (%) | |||
| Heart disease | 5120 (45.3) | 2452 (44.7) | 770 (44.6) |
| Stroke | 3272 (29.0) | 1562 (28.5) | 500 (29.0) |
| Glycated hemoglobin | |||
| Millimoles per mole | 51.9 ± 13.0 | 53.3 ± 14.7 | 54.5 ± 15.2 |
| Percent | 6.9 ± 1.2 | 7.0 ± 1.3 | 7.1 ± 1.4 |
| LDL cholesterol | |||
| Millimoles per liter | 2.7 ± 0.8 | 2.7 ± 0.8 | 2.8 ± 0.8 |
| Milligrams per deciliter | 105.2 ± 29.7 | 106.0 ± 30.4 | 107.3 ± 31.5 |
| Blood pressure, mm Hg | |||
| Systolic | 142.2 ± 16.9 | 141.3 ± 17.3 | 138.9 ± 16.9 |
| Diastolic | 82.1 ± 9.5 | 82.1 ± 9.6 | 82.2 ± 9.8 |
| Antihypertensive medication, n (%) | 6703 (59.3) | 3266 (59.6) | 995 (57.7) |
| Cholesterol-lowering medication, n (%) | 8444 (74.7) | 4097 (74.8) | 1280 (74.2) |
| Diabetes medication, n (%) | |||
| Oral antidiabetic drugs only | 5557 (49.2) | 2758 (50.3) | 846 (49.0) |
| Insulin | 2156 (19.1) | 1104 (20.1) | 416 (24.1) |
| Neither | 3590 (31.8) | 1619 (29.5) | 463 (26.8) |
| Number of risk factor control | 2.9 ± 1.1 | 2.8 ± 1.1 | 2.7 ± 1.1 |
Data are present as mean ± SD or n (%).
Physical activity was calculated as minutes of moderate or vigorous physical activity or an equivalent combination per week. The body mass index is the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters; the GFR was estimated with the use of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation. To convert values for cholesterol to milligrams per deciliter, divide by 0.02586; to convert values for glycated hemoglobin to percent, divide by 10.929 and plus 2.15. LDL, low-density lipoprotein; GFR, glomerular filtration rate.