Table 3.
Joint association of loneliness and the degree of risk factor control on the risk of cardiovascular diseases among diabetes patients
| Loneliness Status | The degree of risk factor control | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High (4–5 factors) | Medium (2–3 factors) | Low (0–1 factor) | ||||
| Cases/total | HR (95% CI) | Cases/total | HR (95% CI) | Cases/total | HR (95% CI) | |
| Not lonely | 370/2761 | 1 (Reference) | 1675/9500 | 1.26 (1.12, 1.41) | 383/1779 | 1.50 (1.30, 1.73) |
| Loneliness | 31/268 | 0.82 (0.57, 1.18) | 204/914 | 1.58 (1.32, 1.89) | 62/234 | 1.93 (1.47, 2.54) |
| P for multiplicative interaction = 0.098 | ||||||
| P for additive interaction = 0.005 | ||||||
Analysis was restricted to 15 456 participants who had complete data on loneliness and risk-factor control. Five risk factor control including glycated hemoglobin control, blood pressure control, low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol control, non-current smoking and control of kidney function (range from 0 to 5); models are adjusted for sex, age, race, Townsend deprivation index, diabetes duration, diabetes complications, type of diabetes, family history of cardiovascular disease, body mass index, the use of diabetes medication, cholesterol-lowering medication, antihypertensive medication, physical activity, healthy diet score, moderate drinking, and depression score.