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Schematic overview of the apoptosis mechanism for the anti-tumor effects of NK-exosIL−15/21 in HCC cells. NK-exosIL−15/21 initiate the intrinsic apoptosis pathway by pore-forming protein (perforin)/serine protease (granzyme B) release, and then regulate pro-apoptotic protein, Bax and anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-2 for the downstream activation of caspase 3. Finally, NK-exosIL−15/21 induce apoptosis via PARP activation on HCC cells.
