Official websites use .gov
A
.gov website belongs to an official
government organization in the United States.
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock (
) or https:// means you've safely
connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive
information only on official, secure websites.
Parallel mediation model for the indirect effects (IE) of (A) harm avoidance (HA), (B) self-directedness (SD), and (C) cooperativeness (CO) on physical Health-related Quality of Life (HrQoL). All models are controlled for age and intensity of chronic pain. For statistical significance: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.
