Table 3.

Summary of feedback from KU19 fishbowl discussion.

Theme	Discussion points
Theory	•Think about theory toolboxes, rather than rely on the use of single theories or frameworks •Inclusion of theory knowledgeable members on research teams •Operationalise theory with care
Approaches to implementation research	•Engage intended end-users of research throughout •(Better upfront) investment and planning, including greater attention to the ecosystem of implementation •Choose approaches that enable greater attention to incorporating context (e.g., critical and realist approaches, ethnography) •Select approaches that allow flexibility and adaptability (e.g., adaptive trial designs, stepped wedge designs, participatory and realist approaches) •Consider the need to balance flexibility with rigour •Build programs of research and conduct longitudinal studies •Think about how approaches enable scale up and sustainability of the intervention and/or the implementation strategy •View mechanisms more as a dimmer switch than binary
Capacity and capability	•Learn from other disciplines, e.g., team science •Build communities of practice around ways of implementing and methods of evaluation •Pay attention to building up implementation capacity and capability for implementation in study sites •Build the knowledge base and capacity for effective engagement between end-users and researchers throughout the research process