Figure 1.
Peripheral immune system and CNS alterations associated with aging (A,B created with BioRender.com). (A–C) Summary of the physiological functions and characteristics that are altered with age. (A) Immunosenescence in the periphery. Alterations reported as enhanced in patients with MS compared with age-matched controls are identified in bold. (B) Physiological mechanisms altered in the aging CNS and potentially relevant to MS pathobiology. (C) Physiological functions decreasing (blue triangle) or increasing (orange triangle) with age and associated with inflammaging (in bold: MS-specific changes).