Fig. 1.

(a) The classification of commercial disinfectants on the U.S EPA list to combat SARS-CoV-2 virus currently based on dominate active ingredients, which was redrawn from a previous study [14]. The type of various disinfectant and their proportion were displayed. The concentrations of surfactants in surface water (b) and wastewater treatment plants sewage (c) were re-displayed based on data from 55 published literature in the range of 1992 to 2020, and the detailed information are shown in supporting information (Table S1).