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. 2023 Jun 7;9(6):e17039. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17039

Table 1.

Average Farm Budget Structure among Smallholder Rice Farmers (in TZS per acre).


AMCOS

Budget Items Kapunga Madibira UWAWAKUDA Overall
Income from paddy 1120821.32 1109510.64 1247351.80 1142378.71
Income from milled rice 238519.13 244498.25 118901.13 215252.03
Income from rice bran 0.00 33.76 0.00 20.68
Income from broken rice 1892.45 3524.36 527.13 2584.73
Total Revenue(TR) 1361232.90 1357567.02 1366780.07 1360236.15
Ploughing cost 54790.32 61064.10 45011.63 56431.94
Harrowing cost 56516.13 59645.30 42976.74 55384.82
Cost of borrowing land 81225.81 99572.65 0.00 74178.01
Cost of seeds 38915.32 43162.45 39413.36 41629.09
Cost of Planting fertilizer 61426.08 25594.53 65517.44 40398.00
Cost of topdressing fertilizer 97125.84 106429.16 79477.91 98851.64
Cost of Insecticides 3088.71 137.18 6216.28 1984.82
Cost of Herbicides 16445.48 13563.95 16118.60 14606.76
Cost of pesticides 4125.16 845.64 4953.49 2302.72
Harvesting 130451.61 131854.70 74534.88 118722.51
Transport 49653.23 59215.81 47372.09 54997.38
Storage 36911.29 17128.21 26831.40 22523.56
Cost of Sacks 25567.42 23333.85 22050.00 23407.33
Total Intermediate Costs (TIC) 656242.40 641547.53 470473.83 605418.58
Nursery preparation 13951.61 11345.30 20546.51 13839.79
Transplanting 70496.77 84318.80 101279.07 85893.72
Planting Fertilizer application 4474.19 2034.19 5825.58 3283.77
Top Dressing application 6277.42 6239.32 5488.37 6076.44
Herbicide application 5370.97 5989.32 5372.09 5750.00
Pesticide application 2903.23 641.03 2744.19 1481.68
Insecticide application 1000.00 123.93 1872.09 659.69
Weeding 47677.42 43585.47 47406.98 45109.95
Bird scaring 967.74 45017.09 88081.40 47562.83
Irrigation labor 548.39 504.27 1744.19 790.58
Loading and offloading 14483.87 14497.86 12936.05 14143.98
Drying labor 15941.94 22793.59 17867.44 20572.51
Levelling labor 4774.19 9307.69 0.00 6476.44
Total Labor Costs (TLC) 256879.03 250581.20 253889.53 252348.17
Total Variable Cost (TVC) 913121.44 892128.72 724363.36 857766.75
Gross Margin (GM) 448111.47 465438.30 642416.72 502469.40
Cost of renting land 0.00 70000.00 50000.00 54136.13
Irrigation cost 34000.00 78800.00 68000.00 69097.38
Total Fixed Costs (TFC) 34000.00 148800.00 118000.00 123233.51
Total Costs (TC) 947121.43 1040928.72 842363.36 981000.26
Net Profit (NP) 414111.47 316638.29 524416.71 379235.89
Profit Margin (PM) % 27.18 19.23 35.21 24.12
Raturn On Investment (ROI) 0.47 0.33 0.64 0.42
Operating Expenses Ratio (OER) 0.70 0.69 0.56 0.66
Benefit To Cost Ratio (BCR) 1.47 1.33 1.64 1.42
Break-even yield 1990.54 2248.52 1513.05 2035.91
Break-even price 354.61 378.17 364.65 371.31