Table 2.

Effect of machine parameters (applied voltage, flow rate, TCD, and Orifice Diameter) on the average fiber diameter.

Machine parameters
Parameter	Material	Methods and Preparations	Results	Findings	Citation
Applied Voltage	(E-CE)C	●(E-CE)C with Mn of 9.7 × 104 g/mol, was prepared by a reaction of EC and Acrylonitrile with a DS of 2.1 for Ethyl and 0.37 for Cyanoethyl. ●THF was used as the solvent. ●Concentration of (E-CE)C/THF solutions is 17 wt%. ●Varying voltage between 0 and 100 kV. ●The diameter of orifice was 1.2 mm. ●TCD was 150 mm.	●Electrospinning did not start until the voltage was 20 kV. ●The crystallinity reached its maximum peak at 50 kV; it initially increased with increasing the voltage then it decreased. ●The average fiber diameter was as follow 5600, 6200, 9200, 10,700 nm according to 20, 30, 40, 50 (kV) respectively	●The crystallinity of the fibers was initially increased with increases in the voltage till it reach maximum value but then decreased with further increases in voltage. ●The average diameter of the fibers increased, and the diameter dispersion was broadened with voltage increases.	[27]
	CA & EC	●Polymer blends of CA + EC solutions with a concentration of 10% (2:1, w/v) with 2:1 (v/v) either Acetone-DMF, or Acetone-DMAC individually. ●Mechanical stirring and persistent heating (50 ± 1.8 °C) were applied for 12 h. ●Voltage was varying between 0 and 60 kV. ●5 mL syringe with an inner diameter of 0.5 mm. ●The feed rate was at 0.5–1.0 mL/h. ●Under ambient conditions (21 ± 2 °C) and relative humidity (57 ± 3%). ●TCD was 150 mm.	● Applying a voltage of 9, 10, 11, 12 KV on: 1. Acetone + DMAc: It was noted that the conductivity increased with the increase of the applied voltage. 22, 24, 26, 28 S/cm respectively. The average fiber diameter was 717.4 ± 24, 730 ± 24, 757.7 ± 39, 1030.08 ± 42 nm respectively. 2. For Acetone + DMF: The conductivity and appearance of small beads increased by increasing the applied voltage. 20, 21, 22, 23 S/cm respectively. The average fiber diameter was 759.02 ± 29, 781.2 ± 38, 849.57 ± 23, 936.7 ± 28 nm respectively.	●By increasing voltage, the conductivity of the solution increase, that is due to the increase in the electrostatic forces on the jet. ●The fibers' diameter increases with the increase of the applied voltage.	[42]
	Chitosan-collagen	●Collagen I (mol wt, 0.8–1x105 Da) and Chitosan (85%, deacetylated, Mɳ,ca. 106) with (1:1) (w/w) in HFIP/TFA of (90/10, v/v). ●8% (w/v) was used. ●a syringe of 5 mL with an orifice diameter of 0.46 mm ●Varying voltage: (12 kV–28 KV with 4 KV increment). ●Fixed TCD of 110 mm. ●Feed rate of (0.8 mL/h).	●The diameter of the resulting fiber doesn’t significantly change with the varying voltage. ●The average diameter was as follow 700, 750, 550, 700, 700 nm according to 12, 16, 20, 24, 28 kV.	●Voltage doesn’t have a significant effect on the fiber diameter.	[43]
	Chitosan-Collagen & PEO	●Low Mw chitosan was used with collagen of type I. ●2.5 wt% of chitosan and 0.5 wt% collagen. ●A mixture of chitosan-collagen in glacial acetic acid of (99.7% purity) with 90% (v/v). ●PEO was added to the solution with 2.5 wt% concentration and with PEO:chitosan-collagen 10:90 (v/v). ●A 5 mL syringe was used. ●Varying voltage between 0 and 20 kV. ●Varying flow rate between 0.5 and 1.5 mL/h by increment of 0.5 mL/h. ●Varying TCD between 150 and 250 mm by 50 mm increment.	●No jet formed at voltage lower than 5 kV. ●When the voltage reach 7 kV Taylor cone starts to form. ●At 8–10 kV a stable Taylor cone was formed. ●For a voltage above 25 kV the voltage become unstable and splitting started. ●All the above values of voltage were tested with the different values of flow rate and TCD and gave the same results.	●There is a critical value for the applied voltage at which fibers start forming	[44]
	CA	●Dissolving an appropriate amount of CA (MW ∼100,000 Da, acetyl content∼39.7 wt%) in acetone by stirring at 20OC. ●CA Concentrations 15% (w/v). ●Using 10 mL syringe with a 22-gauge blunt needle. ●Feed rate was kept constant at 2 mL/h. ●Constant ambient temperature (20 °C). ●Applied voltage 8–16 kV. ●TCD 100 mm.	●For applied voltage of 8 KV the average fiber diameter was 749 nm. ●For applied voltage of 16 KV the Average fiber diameter was 823 nm.	●With increasing the applied voltage, the average fiber diameter increases.	[45]
Flow Rate	Chitosan-collagen	●Collagen I (mol wt, 0.8–1x105 Da) and Chitosan (85%, deacetylated, Mɳ,ca. 106) with (1:1) (w/w) in HFIP/TFA of (90/10, v/v). ●Constant solution concentration of 8% (w/v) was used. ●a syringe of 5 mL with an orifice diameter of 0.46 mm ●Varying feed rate. ●Fixed voltage of 16 kV. ●Fixed TCD of 110 mm.	●The average diameter of the fiber was 700, 700, 750, 800, 800 nm according to 0.36, 0.48, 0.6, 0.72, 0.84 mL/h	●Feed rate affects the size and the homogeneity of the fiber as it controls the volume of drawn solution from the needle. ●The average fiber diameter increased with the increase of the feed rate.	[43]
	(E-CE)C	●(E-CE)C with Mn of 9.7 × 104 g/mol with a DS of 2.1 for Ethyl and 0.37 for Cyanoethyl. ●THF was used as the solvent. ●Concentration of (E-CE)C/THF solutions is 17 wt% ●The applied voltage is 30 kV ●The diameter of orifice was 1.2 mm. ●TCD was varying.	●At a TCD greater than 250 mm, fibers could not be collected. 200mm is considered an ideal TCD for the experiment. ●The average diameter of the fiber was as follow 5100, 4400, 3800, 1900 nm according to 50, 100, 150, 200 mm	●The average diameter of the fibers decreases with the increase in the TCD. ●TCD had to be adjusted as it’s a limited parameter which at a specific value won’t allow any formation of fiber.	[27]
Tip to Collector Distance	Chitosan-collagen	●Collagen I (mol wt, 0.8–1x105 Da) and Chitosan (85%, deacetylated, Mɳ,ca. 106) with (1:1) (w/w) in HFIP/TFA of (90/10, v/v). ●Constant solution concentration of 8% (w/v) was used. ●a syringe of 5 mL with an orifice diameter of 0.46 mm. ●Constant feed rate (0.8 mL/h). ●Fixed voltage of 16 kV. ●Varying TCD from 80 mm to 160 mm	●In case of low ambient humidity, the increase in the TCD decrease the average diameter of the fiber and vice versa, the TCD also affects the fiber homogeneity as when the TCD is too small the fiber will be non-uniform. ●The average fiber diameter was 550, 500, 650, 650, 700 nm according to TCD as follow 80, 100, 120, 140, 160 mm	●The TCD doesn’t affect the size and the homogeneity of the fiber directly as it depends on many other factors like ambient humidity and the evaporation of the solution.	[43]
	Chitosan & gelatin	●Chitosan of (degree of deacetylation 0.85, MW 110 kDa) 3% (w/v) and Gelatin 30% (w/v) in 80% Acetic acid. ●Volume Ratio of Chitosan/gelatin was 80:20. ●Solutions were stirred for 20 h. ●Diameter of the nozzle was 0.1 mm ●Voltage was 12 kV. ●Flow rate 0.1 mL/h ●TCD varied from 80 to 240 mm.	●For different TCD there was no difference in the alignment, number of beads, and fiber distribution. ●At 80 mm, the average fiber diameter was 200 ± 40 nm. ●At 160 mm, the average fiber diameter was 180 ± 20 nm. ●At 240 mm, the average fiber diameter was 160 ± 20 nm.	●The average fiber diameter decreases by increasing TCD.	[46]
Orifice Diameter	(E-CE)C	●(E-CE)C with Mn of 9.7 × 104 g/mol with a DS of 2.1 for Ethyl and 0.37 for Cyanoethyl. ●THF was used as the solvent. ●Concentration of (E-CE)C/THF solutions was 17 wt%. ●The applied voltage is 30 kV. ●TCD was adjusted to be 150 mm. ●Varying orifice diameter.	●For Orifice Diameters of (0.7, 0.9 and 1.2) mm the average fiber diameter was (1000, 1100 and 2600) nm.	●The average fiber diameter increases by increasing the Orifice Diameter.	[27]