Table 1.
Longitudinal studies, examining the effect of menstrual cycle phases on O2max.
| Author(s), year | n | Performance test | Method of MC phase verification | Phase of MC |
Results |
Risk of bias (NOS) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Definition of the different MC phases | Serum estradiol (pmol/L) | Serum progesterone (nmol/L) | O2max (ml/kg/min) | |||||
| Beidleman et al., 1999 [][30] | 8 | treadmill | calendar-based counting method, urinary LH, serum hormone analysis | EF (day 3–6) | 143.2 +/− 80.8 | 1.5 +/− 0.6 | 46.8 +/− 4.0 | moderate |
| L (6–9 days after LH surge) | 411.2 +/− 139.5 | 42.7 +/− 28.1 | 46.3 +/− 5.6 | |||||
| Bemben et al., 1995 [][31] | 5 | treadmill | calendar-based counting method, basal body temperature, serum hormone analysis | EF (day 2–5) | not examined | 1.4 +/− 0.2 | 42.0 +/− 7.6 | high |
| LF (day 12–15) | not examined | 1.3 +/− 0.2 | 42.1 +/− 7.8 | |||||
| L (day 20–23) | not examined | 21.2 +/− 13.9 | 43.6 +/− 6.5 | |||||
| Bryner et al., 1996 [25] | 10 | treadmill | calendar-based counting method (ovulation = cycle length minus 12–14 days), transabdominal ultrasound to confirm ovulation | F (day of ovulation divided by two) | not examined | not examined | 41.6 +/− 12.1 | high |
| L (6–8 days after ovulation) | not examined | not examined | 39.7 +/− 11.4 | |||||
| Casazza et al., 2002 [28] | 6 | cycle ergometer | calendar-based counting method, urinary LH, serum hormone analysis | F (day 4–8) | 125.2 +/− 38.9 | 1.2 +/− 0.1 | 42.3 +/− 8.1a | moderate |
| L (day 17–25) | 271.3 +/− 56.2 | 33.7 +/− 7.6 | 42.6 +/− 7.8a | |||||
| Dean et al., 2003 [23] | 8 | cycle ergometer | calendar-based counting method, basal body temperature, serum hormone analysis | EF (day 3 +/− 1.6) | 121.2 +/− 38.5 | 2.5 +/− 0.8 | 43.0 +/− 6.5 | low |
| LF (day 10 +/− 2.6) | 433.2 +/− 244.1 | 4.1 +/− 2.8 | 42.7 +/− 6.5 | |||||
| L (day 21 +/− 1.8) | 422.2 +/− 88.2 | 37.2 +/− 25.2 | 42.5 +/− 5.1 | |||||
| De Souza et al., 1990 [32] | 8 | treadmill | calendar-based counting method, urinary LH, serum hormone analysis | EF (day 2–4) | 135.4 +/− 71.3 | not examined | 53.1 +/− 4.5 | moderate |
| L (6–8 days after ovulation) | 554.9 +/− 258.2 | not examined | 53.7 +/− 3.8 | |||||
| Frandsen et al., 2020 [24] | 19 | cycle ergometer | calendar-based counting method, serum hormone analysis | EF (tested at 25% of the MC length) | 155 +/− 68.5 | 0.8 +/− 0.3 | 43.9 +/− 5.71 | moderate |
| LF (tested at 40–45% of the MC length) | 574 +/− 437.8 | 0.9 +/− 0.5 | 43.9 +/− 5.4 | |||||
| L (tested at 75% of the MC length) | 581 +/− 438.8 | 37.6 +/− 24.1 | 43.3 +/− 5.6 | |||||
| Goldsmith & Glaister, 2020 [33] | 10 | treadmill | calendar-based counting method, serum hormone analysis | EF (day 2 +/− 2) | not examined | 3.7 +/− 4.3 | 58.2 +/− 4.2 | moderate |
| LF (4 +/− 2 days prior to ovulation) | not examined | 1.5 +/− 1.4 | 58.4 +/− 4.7 | |||||
| L (2 +/− 1 days from the progesterone peak) | not examined | 32.7 +/− 30.8 | 59.7 +/− 4.7 | |||||
| Gorden et al., 2018 [40] | 10 | cycle ergometer | calendar-based counting method, salivary hormone analysis | menstruation (day 1–5, interpreted as EF) | not examined | not examined | 41.6 +/− 3.7 | high |
| LF (day 9–11) | not examined | not examined | 44.1 +/− 3.9 | |||||
| L (day 19–20) | not examined | not examined | 42.6 +/− 2.9 | |||||
| Lebrun et al., 1995 [34] | 16 | treadmill | calendar-based counting method, serum hormone analysis | EF (day 3–8) | 141.4 +/− 63.2 | 1.2 +/− 0.4 | 53.7 +/− 3.6 | moderate |
| L (4–9 days after ovulation) | 461.4 +/− 147.6 | 40.6 +/− 14.8 | 52.8 +/− 3.2 | |||||
| Mattu et al., 2019 [11] | 15 | cycle ergometer | calendar-based counting method, urinary LH | F (day 5–10) | not examined | not examined | 47.1 +/− 4.1 | high |
| L (day 19–24) | not examined | not examined | 46.0 +/− 3.9 | |||||
| Nakamura & Nose-Ogura 2021 [39] | 10 | cycle ergometer | calendar-based counting method, serum hormone analysis | EF (day 4–8) | 249.7 +/− 185.8 | 1.0 +/− 1.3 | 41.8 +/− 6.1 | moderate |
| L (5–15 days after ovulation) | 397.2 +/− 208.5 | 22.9 +/− 16.9 | 41.9 +/− 5.3 | |||||
| Redman et al., 2003[19] | 14 | cycle ergometer | calendar-based counting method, urinary LH, serum hormone analysis | F (day 5–7) | 131.7 +/− 130.6 | 1.7 +/− 0.8 | 42.1 +/− 8.4a | low |
| L (day 21–23) | 348.0 +/− 230.5 | 26.8 +/− 20.1 | 44.3 +/− 6.2a | |||||
| Smekal et al., 2007 [35] | 19 | cycle ergometer | calendar-based counting method, basal body temperature, serum hormone analysis | F (day 9 +/− 1) | 203.3 +/− 108.3 | 2.3 +/− 0.6 | 43.2 +/− 5.1 | high |
| L (day 25 +/− 2) | 456.3 +/− 187.9 | 27.4 +/− 13.8 | 43.5 +/− 5.1 | |||||
| Vaiksaar et al., 2011 [41] | 8a | rowing ergometer | calendar-based counting method, serum hormone analysis | F (day 8 +/− 3) | 176.8 +/− 51.9 | 1.9 +/− 0.5 | 49.0 +/− 6.6 | moderate |
| L (day 20 +/− 2) | 481.4 +/− 131.0 | 38.9 +/− 11.0 | 50.6 +/− 7.1 | |||||
| 7b | F (day 8 +/− 3) | 163.4 +/− 98.2 | 1.3 +/− 0.7 | 45.2 +/− 9.4 | ||||
| L (day 20 +/− 2) | 517.7 +/− 21.7 | 30.1 +/− 0.7 | 45.4 +/− 4.1 | |||||
Note. Values are reported as means +/− SD. Vaiksaar et al. [41] distinguished between competitive cyclic athletes (a) and recreationally trained cyclic athletes (b).
EF: early follicular phase, F: follicular phase, L: luteal phase, LF: late follicular phase, LH: luteinizing hormone, MC: menstrual cycle, n: number of participants, NOS: Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale.
a
O2peak was measured.