Table 3.

Relationship between recidivism and risk factors.

Variable	No recidivism		Recidivism		P-value	Effect sizea
	(n = 104)		(n = 44)
	N	%	N	%
Male	74	71.2	28	63.6	0.366	0.074
Age	44.5 ± 14.0		43.6 ± 12.2		0.716	0.066
Violent crime	30	28.8	8	18.2	0.175	0.112
Multiple-time offenders	35	33.7	27	61.4	0.002**	0.257
Substance abuse	34	32.7	15	34.1	0.869	0.014
Presence of a key family member	61	58.7	21	47.7	0.222	0.100
Jobs before incarceration	12	11.5	4	9.1	0.778	0.036

**P < 0.01.

^aEffect size used Cohen's d for age and φ coefficient for all others.