Table 1.

Table of experimental studies examining smoking behavior following acute or chronic amphetamine or methylphenidate administration.

Exposure Drug, Dose, and Type	Participants/Subjects	Primary Question and Outcome(s)	Main Finding	Ref.
Acute pre-session d-amphetamine at 0, 5, 10, or 15 mg/kg	People who smoke N = 18; 7M, 11F	Responding on PR schedule for cigarettes or money	d-Amphetamine increased breakpoints for smoking for 56% of subjects, breakpoint increases were dependent on reporting greater amphetamine subjective effects.	Sigmon et al., 2003
Acute pre-session d-amphetamine at 25 mg	People who smoke, N = 6; 3M, 3F	Ad libitum smoking following drug administration Subjective ratings of craving and sensory aspects of smoking. Number of cigarettes during ad libitum smoking.	d-Amphetamine increased ad libitum smoking and decreased time between cigarettes.	Chait and Griffiths, 1983
Acute pre-session d-amphetamine at 10 or 20 mg.	People who smoke, N = 10 (6M, 4F)		10 and 20 mg amphetamine increased smoking. Neither drug altered ratings of smoking craving.	Cousins et al., 2001
Acute pre-session placebo or d-amphetamine at 5, 15, and 25 mg (within-subjects).	People who smoke, N = 8; 3M, 5F	Ad libitum smoking, smoking satisfaction post smoking session.	Dose-dependent increases in smoking, burned more grams of tobacco, and spent more time smoking. Participants reported cigarettes tasting better and greater smoking satisfaction.	Henningfield and Griffiths, 1981
Acute pre-session d-amphetamine at placebo 7.5 or 15 mg/70kg.	People who smoke, N = 13; 9M, 4F	Choices during a discrete-trial choice procedure between cigarettes or money and smoking subjective effects.	Dose-dependent increases for smoking choices over money, such that higher doses increased smoking choices more.	Tidey et al., 2000
One-week of chronic administration of placebo, 5 or 7.5 mg d-amphetamine (within-subjects).	People who smoke, N = 17; gender NS. n = 17 light smokers, n = 6 heavy smoker.	Smoking enjoyment and tobacco smoked over one week period of drug treatment.	Chronic amphetamine treatment decreased smoking enjoyment across the sample. However, smoking was only reduced in heavy smokers but not light smokers.	Low et al., 1984
Placebo (n = 15) chronic l-amphetamine at 30, 50, and 70mg (7–14 days/dose within-subjects, n = 17) w/NRT	People with ADHD who smoke, N = 32; 20M, 12 F	Smoking cessation measured in cigarettes per day	NRT reduced smoking, but no smoking cessation outcomes were altered by l-amphetamine.	Kollins et al., 2014
5 injections of saline or 0.4 mg/kg nicotine base injection, over 15 day period. Exposure either in home cage, IVSA chamber, explicitly paired with IVSA chamber, or explicitly unpaired.	Adult male Long Evans rats (N = 63).	Effects of nicotine exposure and type on 0.01 mg/kg/infusion amphetamine IVSA on PR Schedule, extinction, and amphetamine-primed reinstatement.	Nicotine enhanced amphetamine IVSA and reinstatement of amphetamine-seeking only when nicotine exposure occurred in IVSA chamber in IVSA chamber and paired rats, but not for unpaired rats or home cage rats. Regardless of exposure type, prior nicotine exposure halted extinction.	Cortright et al., 2012
7-days of saline or 0.04 mg/kg nicotine during adolescence.	Male Sprague-Dawley rats (N = 24) raised in enriched (n =12) or isolated (n=12) conditions.	Interaction between environmental conditions and adolescent drug exposure on amphetamine IVSA.	Adolescent nicotine exposure only increased amphetamine IVSA in rats that were reared in socially isolated conditions.	Stairs et al., 2017
Acute pre-session administration of placebo, 5, 10, 20, or 40 mg methylphenidate (within-subjects)	People who smoke (N = 10); 5M, 5F	Dose-dependent effects of methylphenidate on cigarettes smoked, number of puffs, and CO levels.	Methylphenidate dose-dependently increased all smoking-related outcomes, such that higher doses produced larger magnitude increases in smoking outcomes.	Rush et al., 2005
Acute pre-session administration of placebo or 10, 20, or 40 mg methylphenidate (within-subjects).	People with ADHD who smoke (N=9); 4M, 5F	Dose-dependent effects of methylphenidate on cigarettes smoked, number of puffs, and CO levels.	Methylphenidate dose-dependently increased all smoking-related outcomes in people with ADHD who smoke, higher doses produced larger increases in smoking outcomes.	Vansickel et al., 2011
Acute pre-session administration of placebo, immediate (7.5–30 mg), or sustained-release methylphenidate (18, 36, or 72 mg)	People who smoke (N = 8), 3M, 5F	Dose-and release rate-dependent effects of methylphenidate on cigarettes smoked, number of puffs, and CO levels.	Methylphenidate dose-dependently increased smoking-outcomes, but there was no effect of release formulation on smoking outcomes.	Vansickel et al., 2009
Acute pre-session administration of placebo, methylphenidate (10, 20, 40 mg) within-subjects.	People who smoke (N=12); 6M, 6F.	Cigarettes smoked, number of puffs, and CO levels.	Methylphenidate dose-dependently increased all smoking variables.	Vansickel et al., 2007
Acute pre-session methylphenidate (0, 10, 20, or 40 mg) within-subjects.	People who smoke (N = 11); 6M, 5F.	Dose-dependent effects of methylphenidate on number of choices made for smoking a cigarette versus $0.25.	Methylphenidate dose-dependently increased the number of cigarette choices over money.	Stoops et al., 2011
11 weeks of Osmotic Release (OROS) methylphenidate or placebo (dose NS). Delivered with 21mg nicotine patch starting Week 4.	People with ADHD who are trying to quit smoking (N = 253).	Effects of methylphenidate administration on smoking abstinence.	Methylphenidate increased smoking abstinence rates.	Covey et al., 2010
Chronic placebo (n = 128) or OROS methylphenidate (n = 127) administration (dose NS) with 21mg nicotine patch.	Secondary analysis of people who smoke (N = 255).	Smoking abstinence during one month methylphenidate discontinuation follow-up and interaction with ADHD symptom severity.	Individuals that previously took methylphenidate had greater abstinence even after methylphenidate was discontinued, but only for people high severity ADHD symptoms.	Luo et al., 2019
Chronic placebo (n = 127) or 72 mg/day OROS methylphenidate (n = 128) with 2img nicotine patch for 11 weeks.	People trying to quit smoking (N = 255).	Prolonged smoking abstinence in response to drug treatment group and interaction with ADHD symptom severity.	70% of patients with higher severity ADHD who took OROS-methylphenidate had prolonged abstinence compared to 37% of placebo. Individuals with low severity ADHD taking methylphenidate exhibited 30% abstinence compared to 61% taking placebo.	Nunes et al., 2013
Chronic placebo (n = 127) or 72 mg/day OROS methylphenidate (n = 128) with 21mg nicotine patch for 11 weeks.	People trying to quit smoking (N = 255).	Prolonged smoking abstinence in response to drug treatment group.	No effect of methylphenidate on abstinence during methylphenidate treatment period, but methylphenidate group had higher abstinence post-treatment than placebo.	Winhusen et al., 2010
Chronic placebo (n =40)or 54 mg/day OROS methylphenidate treatment for 8 weeks.	People trying to quit smoking (N = 80).	Nicotine withdrawal, point-prevalent smoking at end of medication phase.	No effect of methylphenidate on smoking abstinence or withdrawal symptom relief.	Hurt et al., 2011
Chronic methylphenidate (30 mg) over 5 days following abrupt cessation	People who currently smoke that have previously attempted to quit (N = 19)	Tobacco withdrawal, ease of quit attempt	Tobacco withdrawal increased when methylphenidate was administered, but 76% of the sample said methylphenidate quit attempt was easier than prior quit attempts.	Robinson et al., 1995
Exp 1: Acute presession methylphenidate at 0, 1.25, 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg (within-subjects) Exp 2: Chronic presession methylphenidate at 0 or 2.5 mg/kg (between-subjects)	Male Sprague-Dawley rats (N = 28; n = 14 per exp)	Exp 1: Effects of acute doses of methylphenidate on 0.01 (n = 7) or 0.03 (n =7) mg/kg/inf nicotine IVSA. Exp 2: Effects of repeated 0 (n = 6) or 2.5 mg/kg (n = 8) methylphenidate on 0.03 mg/kg/inf nicotine IVSA.	Methylphenidate increased nicotine IVSA in both experiments. 2.5 and 5 mg/kg increased 0.03 mg/kg/inf nicotine IVSA in Exp 1. Only 1.25 mg/kg methylphenidate increased 0.01 mg/kg/inf nicotine IVSA in Exp 1. Tolerance to the effects of 2.5 mg/kg methylphenidate on nicotine IVSA with repeated exposure (Exp 2) not observed.	Wooters et al., 2008