Table 1.
ADMET (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity) properties of fulvic acid (FA) predicted by pkCSM.
| Property | Model name | Predicted value | Interpretation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Absorption | Intestinal absorption (human) | 48.397% Absorbed | <30% is considered to be poorly absorbed. |
| Skin Permeability | −2.735 log Kp | logKp > −2.5 is considered to have a relatively low skin permeability | |
| Distribution | VDss (human) | 0.039 log L/kg | It is considered low if < 0.71 L/kg (log VDss < −0.15) and high if > 2.81 L/kg (log VDss >0.45) |
| BBB permeability | −1.149 | A logBB >0.3 considered to readily cross the blood-brain barrier, whereas molecules with logBB < −1 are poorly distributed to the brain | |
| Metabolism | CYP2D6 substrate | No | Noninhibitor of cytochrome P450 |
| Excretion | Total Clearance | 0.501 log mL/min/kg | – |
| Renal OCT2 substrate | No | Not likely to be an OCT2 substrate | |
| Toxicity | Hepatotoxicity | No | – |
| Skin Sensitisation | No | – | |
| hERG I and II Inhibitors | No | Not likely to be a hERG I/II inhibitor | |
| MTD (human) | 0.802 log mg/kg/d | A MTD of ≤0.477 log (mg/kg/day) is considered low, and high if > 0.477 log (mg/kg/d). |
VDss, volume of distribution; BBB, blood-brain barrier; BB, blood-brain; CYP2D6, cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily D member 6; OCT2, organic cation transporter 2; hERG, human ether-a-go-go related gene; MTD, maximum tolerated dose.