Table 1.

Means (SD) or Proportions for Variables (N = 1,088, 7,616 Observations)

Mother-child closeness [Range: 1–5]
4 years	4.66 (0.33)
Kindergarten (K)	4.75 (0.33)
First Grade (G1)	4.76 (0.32)
Third Grade (G3)	4.66 (0.36)
Fifth Grade (G5)	4.58 (0.41)
Sixth Grade (G6)	4.55 (0.44)
15 years	4.29 (0.55)
Mother-child conflict [Range: 1–5]
4 years	2.36 (0.74)
K	2.34 (0.84)
G1	2.17 (0.84)
G3	2.31 (0.87)
G5	2.34 (0.86)
G6	2.40 (0.89)
15 years	2.52 (0.92)
Maternal education at childbirth
College degree or higher	0.39
Control variables—time invariant
Maternal age at childbirth [18–46]	28.59 (5.52)
Maternal race/ethnicity
White	0.81
Black	0.11
Hispanic	0.05
Other race	0.03
Girl	0.50
Child temperament at 6 months [Range: 1–5]	3.17 (0.41)
First child	0.45
Maternal authoritarian parenting values at childbirth [Range: 22–110]	59.08 (15.04)
Control variables—time varying
Maternal marital status
Married	0.76
Cohabiting	0.06
Single	0.18
Maternal weekly paid work hours [Range: 0–90]	26.58 (19.14)
Family income (logged)	10.79 (1.44)