Table 2.

Individual Growth Models for Mother-Child Relationship from 4 to 15 Years (N = 1,088, 7,616 observations)

	Mother-Child Closeness				Mother-Child conflict
	Model 1		Model 2		Model 1		Model 2
	b	SE	b	SE	b	SE	b	SE
Child age (survey wave)
4 years (yrs)	−.096	.011***BDEF	−.111	.014***	.188	.023***CF	.229	.029***
K	−.004	.010ACDEF	−.013	.012	.163	.021***EF	.149	.027***
G3	−.101	.011***BDEF	−.109	.024***	.133	.023***AEF	.153	.029***
G5	−.176	.012**ABCEF	−.185	.016***	.171	.024***EF	.211	.030****
G6	−.211	.013***ABCDF	−.233	.017***	.224	.025***BCDF	.295	.032***
15 yrs	−.473	.017***ABCDE	−.477	.023***	.348	.030***ABCDE	.437	.038***
Maternal education
College	−.004	.019	−.026	.023	−.066	.049	.047	.059
Child age x maternal education
4 yrs x college			.040	.022			−.103	.045*e
K x college			.024	.019			.035	.042b
G3 x college			.019	.022			−.052	.046
G5 x college			.023	.024			−.101	.048*d
G6 x college			.056	.027*			−.182	.051***fh
15 yrs x college			.011	.037			−.228	.060***afhj
Controls
Age at child’s birth	.002	.002	.000	.002	.000	.004	.000	.004
Race/ethnicity
Black	−.082	.027**	−.082	.027**	−.236	.069***	−.236	.068**
Hispanic	.012	.038	.013	.038	.107	.095	.107	.095
Other race	.009	.046	.009	.046	−.060	.116	−.061	.116
Girl	.037	.015*	.037	.015*	.064	.039	.064	.039
Child temp. 6 mo.	−.047	.020*	−.047	.020*	.285	.050***	.285	.050***
First child	−.025	.016	−.025	.016	.110	.041**	.110	.041**
Authoritarian style	−.001	.001*	−.001	.001*	.003	.002*	.003	.002*
Marital status
Cohabiting	−.061	.021**	−.060	.022**	.075	.044	.073	.044
Single	−.032	.015*	−.032	.015*	.096	.032**	.100	.032**
Weekly work hours	.001	.000*	.001	.000*	−.001	.001*	−.001	.001*
Family income (log)	.005	.006	.005	.005	.003	.009	.004	.009
Intercept	4.892	.115***	4.900	.115***	1.028	.269***	.978	.269***
−2 Log Likelihood	4,416.60***		4,440.5***		14,652.00***		14,648.4***

Note. Omitted reference groups are: G1, G1 x college, White, and married. Marital status, work hours, and family incomes are time-varying variables; other variables are time-invariant. Differences from the reference group are significant at

^*p < .05;

^**p < .01,

^***p < .001.

Differences from 4 yrs x college are significant at

^ap < .05;

^bp < .01; and

^cp < .001.

Differences from K x college are significant at

^dp < .05;

^ep < .01; and

^fp < .001.

Differences from G3 x college education are significant at

^gp < .05;

^hp < .01; and

ⁱp < .001.

Differences from G5 x college are significant at

^jp < .05;

^kp < .01; and

^lp < .001.

Differences from G6 x college are significant at

^op < .05;

^pp < .01; and

^qp < .001.

Differences from 15 yrs x college are significant at

^rp < .05;

^sp < .01; and

^tp < .001.

Differences are significant from

^A4 years,

^BK,

^CG3,

^DG5,

^EG6,

^F15 years.