Table 6. Bivariate associations between predictor variables and feelings of callousness.
| Variable | Never, n = 48 | A few times a year, n = 78 | A few times a month or less, n = 68 | Once a week or more, n = 59 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | p -Value | ||||
| Religious practice | 2.06 ± 0.47 | 1.90 ± 0.49 | 2.00 ± 0.41 | 1.77 ± 0.48 | 0.034 |
| Age (years) | 56.8 ± 13.9 | 44.7 ± 15.8 | 34.9 ± 8.9 | 38.4 ± 11.1 | <0.001 |
| ** | n (%) | p -Value | |||
| Religious appearance (hijab/beard) | 0.374 | ||||
| No | 85 (54.5) | 16 (57.1) | 14 (53.9) | 15 (75.0) | |
| Yes | 71 (45.5) | 12 (42.9) | 12 (46.2) | 5 (25.0) | |
| Since completing medical school, how often have you personally experienced discrimination at work because of your religion? | 0.615 | ||||
| Never | 54 (32.9) | 7 (25.0) | 9 (34.6) | 6 (28.6) | |
| Rarely | 67 (70.9) | 16 (57.1) | 13 (50.0) | 8 (38.1) | |
| Sometimes to always | 43 (26.2) | 5 (17.9) | 4 (15.4) | 7 (33.3) | |
| Have you personally experienced religious discrimination at your current workplace? | 0.541 | ||||
| No | 140 (85.4) | 25 (89.3) | 23 (88.5) | 15 (75.0) | |
| Yes | 24 (14.6) | 3 (10.7) | 3 (11.5) | 5 (25.0) | |
| My religion negatively influences my relationships with colleagues | 0.081 | ||||
| Strongly disagree/disagree | 151 (92.1) | 27 (96.4) | 22 (81.5) | 17 (81.0) | |
| Agree/strongly agree | 13 (7.9) | 1 (3.6) | 5 (18.5) | 4 (19.1) | |
| My religion positively influences my relationships with colleagues | 0.871 | ||||
| Strongly disagree/disagree | 54 (33.8) | 9 (33.3) | 7 (26.9) | 8 (38.1) | |
| Agree/strongly agree | 106 (66.3) | 18 (16.7) | 19 (73.1) | 13 (61.9) | |
| My religion places me under greater scrutiny than non-Muslim colleagues | 0.028 | ||||
| Strongly disagree/disagree | 93 (56.7) | 15 (55.6) | 13 (48.2) | 4 (21.1) | |
| Agree/strongly agree | 71 (43.3) | 12 (44.4) | 14 (51.9) | 15 (79.0) | |
| I struggle to find time for prayer (salat/namaz) at work | 0.000 | ||||
| Strongly disagree/disagree | 95 (59.0) | 14 (50.0) | 6 (22.2) | 2 (9.5) | |
| Agree/strongly agree | 66 (41.0) | 14 (50.0) | 21 (77.8) | 19 (90.5) | |
| My workplace accommodates my religious identity | 0.552 | ||||
| Strongly disagree/disagree | 41 (25.8) | 9 (32.1) | 6 (22.2) | 8 (38.1) | |
| Agree/strongly agree | 118 (74.2) | 19 (67.9) | 21 (77.8) | 13 (61.9) | |
| Patients have refused my care because of my religious identity | 0.452 | ||||
| Strongly disagree/disagree | 145 (90.1) | 27 (96.4) | 26 (96.3) | 18 (85.7) | |
| Agree/strongly agree | 16 (9.9) | 1 (3.6) | 1 (3.7) | 3 (14.3) | |
| Did Islamic values influence your choice of specialty? | 0.322 | ||||
| No | 121 (75.2) | 22 (75.9) | 16 (61.5) | 13 (61.9) | |
| Yes | 40 (24.8) | 7 (24.1) | 10 (38.5) | 8 (38.1) | |
| Community work setting | |||||
| Urban | 61 (39.4) | 19 (65.5) | 14 (53.9) | 10 (52.6) | 0.068 |
| Suburban | 82 (52.9) | 9 (31.0) | 8 (30.8) | 8 (42.1) | |
| Rural | 12 (7.7) | 1 (3.5) | 4 (15.4) | 1 (5.3) | |
| Sex | 0.228 | ||||
| Female | 40 (25.5) | 11 (37.9) | 9 (34.6) | 9 (42.9) | |
| Male | 117 (74.5) | 18 (62.1) | 17 (65.4) | 12 (57.1) | |
| Medical school completed in the United States | <0.001 | ||||
| No | 118 (75.2) | 17 (60.7) | 10 (40.0) | 9 (42.9) | |
| Yes | 39 (24.8) | 11 (39.3) | 15 (60.0) | 12 (57.1) | |
| Ethnicity | 0.866 | ||||
| South Asian | 112 (77.8) | 20 (74.1) | 18 (78.3) | 14 (70.0) | |
| Arab | 32 (22.2) | 7 (25.9) | 5 (21.7) | 6 (30.0) | |
| Years of medical practice | <0.001 | ||||
| < 11 | 20 (12.9) | 13 (46.4) | 18 (75.0) | 14 (70.0) | |
| 11–20 | 21 (13.6) | 5 (17.9) | 4 (16.7) | 4 (20.0) | |
| 21–31 | 40 (25.8) | 3 (10.7) | 1 (4.1) | 1 (5.0) | |
| 32–42 | 47 (30.3) | 6 (21.4) | 1 (4.1) | 0 (0.0) | |
| > 42 | 27 (17.4) | 1 (3.6) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (5.0) | |
Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.