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. 2023 Jun 9;9(6):e17116. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17116

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© 2023 The Authors

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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Fig. 1 — Macrophage polarization. This figure illustrates the process of macrophage polarization. Monocytes mature into macrophages under certain stimulation, which can be further differentiated into M1 or M2 types based on the changes in the microenvironment. M1 macrophages secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines and promote inflammatory responses, whereas M2 macrophages have the opposite effect. Additionally, M1 macrophages can also be polarized into M2 macrophages under certain factors.→ indicates promotion, and ⊣ indicates inhibition. The abbreviations used in the figure are: GM-CSF (Granulocyte-macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor), IFNγ (Interferon-γ), LPS (Lipopolysaccharide), TNF-α (Tumor Necrosis Factor-α), M-CSF (Macrophage colony-stimulating factor), IL-1β (interleukin-1β), PAM (phorbol ester), IL-4 (Interleukin-4), IL-22 (Interleukin-22), and IL-13 (Interleukin-13).