Table 1.

Overview of Chinese medicine targeting macrophage polarization in chronic liver disease.

Disease	Chinese medicine and active ingredients	In vitro/in vivo	Mechanisms	M1	M2	Reference
Alcoholic liver disease	Inulin	In vitro and in vivo	Single-chain fatty acids↑	↓	↑	[37]
	Cannabinoid CB2 Receptors	In vitro and in vivo	HO-1↑	↓	↑	[36]
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis	Honokiol	In vivo	PPAR γ↑	-	↑	[44]
	Nobiletin	In vitro and in vivo	KLF4↑	↓	↑	[56]
	Jiangzhi Granule	In vivo	TNF/NFκB signaling↓	↓	–	[57]
	Myricetin	In vitro and in vivo	TREM-1-TLR2/4-MyD88 signaling molecules↓	↓	↑	[58]
	Curcumin	In vitro and in vivo	IL-1βand TNF-α↓	↓	–	[43]
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease	artemether	In vitro and in vivo	TGF-β/SMAD pathway↓	–	↑	[60]
	Hyperoside	In vivo	Nr4A1↑	–	↑	[61]
	DWJ504	In vivo	TLR4↓	↓	↑	[62]
Liver fibrosis	Yiguanjian decoction	In vivo	Non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway↓	↓	-	[47]
	Resveratrol	In vitro and in vivo	IL-10↑	↓	↑	[63]
	Curcumin	In vitro	ERK1/2 and p38 pathways↑	↓	–	[64]
Liver cirrhosis	Yiguanjian decoction	In vitro and in vivo	Fetal liver stem/progenitor cell↑	↓	↑	[50]
Hepatocellular carcinoma	Cantharidin	In vitro and in vivo	miR - 214↑	↑	-	[55]
	Astragaloside IV	In vitro	TLR4/NF-κB/STAT3 signaling pathway↓	-	↓	[59]
	Astragalus polysacharin	In vitro	–	↑	↓	[65]
	Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharid	In vitro	MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway↑	↑	–	[66]
	Emodin	In vitro and in vivo	miR-26/TGF-β1/Akt axis↑ insulin-like growth factor-1 secretion↓	↓	↑	[67]

Abbreviation: HO-1, Heme oxygenase-1; PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ; KLF4, Kruppel like factor 4; TNF/NFκB, tumor necrosis factor/nuclear factor kappa-B; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β; DWJ504, extract of Opuntia ficus indica seed; Nr4A1, the orphan nuclear hormone receptor nuclear receptor subfamily 4, group a, member 1; TLR4, Toll-like Receptor 4; IL-10, interleukin-10; ERK1/2, extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2; STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription3; MAPK, mitogen activated protein kinase; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β1; Akt, protein kinase B.

The symbol ↑ represents an increase, while the symbol ↓ represents a decrease.