Table 2.

Overview of the research on regulating macrophage polarization through PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in the treatment of chronic liver disease.

Disease	Regulation Factor	Research objects	The administration of modeling and dose	Duration	Macrophage polarization	Mechanisms	Reference
Liver fibrosis	↓PTEN	Mice and cell	CCL4(0.02 mL/g/mouse),; LPS(1000 ng/mL), IL-4 (20 ng/mL)	8weeks; 24 h	M2↑	p-Akt↑, p-STAT6↑	[94]
Drug-induced liver injury	SMA/CORM2	Mice and cell	APAP (300 mg/kg)	–	M1↓M2↑	p-Pi3k↑, p-Akt↑, p-mTOR↑, PCNA↑	[100]
Viral hepatitis type B	siRNA/pIL-12@lipo	Cell	–	–	Mø→M1	p-PI3K↓, p-Akt↓, p-ERK↓, Bcl-2↓, p53↑	[103]
HCC	↓TREM1	Cell and patients and specimens	–	–	M2→M1	p-PI3K/PI3K↓, p-Akt/Akt↓, p-mTOR/mTOR↓	[96]
	GLSP	Mouse and cell	GLSP (800,400,200 μg/mL)	24 h	Mø→M1	PI3K↓, p-Akt↓, BAX↑, BCC-2↓, CASD-9↑	[98]
	AFP	Cell	LPS(50 ng/mL)+IFN-γ(20 ng/mL); IL-4 (20 ng/mL) +IL-13 (20 ng/mL)	24 h; 72 h	M1phagocytic ability↓	PI3K/Akt↑	[78]

Abbreviation: PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog; CCl4, carbon tetrachloride; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; IL-4, Interleukin-4; KCs, Kupffer cells; SMA/CORM2, styrene maleic acid copolymer (SMA) micelle encapsulating CO releasing molecule; siRNA/pIL-12@lipo, Codelivery of HBx-siRNA and Plasmid Encoding IL-12; HCC, Hepatocellular carcinoma; TREM1, Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1; THP-1, The human leukemia monocytic cell line; Mø, primary macrophage; GLSP, Ganoderma lucidum Spore Polysaccharide; AFP: alpha-fetoprotein.

The symbols ↑, ↓, and → represent an increase, decrease, and or polarization, respectively.