Fig. 2.

Pharmacological Roles of Naringin and Naringenin. NGN and NAR protect against the onset and severity of many human diseases via their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, inhibition of adhesion molecules, and enhancement of vascular smooth muscle relaxation in the endothelial cells. In (A), Cardioprotective through NO-signaling effects on the smooth muscle cells (B), antiatherogenic by reducing the feasibility of thrombosis and thrombocytopenia (C), neuroprotective by maintaining the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (D), antidiabetic via the attenuation of glucose-related inflammation and oxidative damage (E), antiviral by the stimulation of anti-inflammatory molecules, inhibition of spike protein interactions (F), anti-cancer through the inhibition of VEGF, and stimulation of apoptosis.