Table 1.

Inflammatory mediators of endothelium-derived microvascular complications in diabetes.

S/N	Mediator	Key Players	Cellular Role References
1.	Inflammatory Cytokines	Interleukins; IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, CRP, IL-22	Secreted by immune cells and upregulate inflammatory reactions by synthesis of secondary mediators, more [234,235] pro-inflammatory cytokines, and the attraction of immune cells.
2.	Adhesion Molecules	Selectins, Integrins, Immunoglobulins ICAM-1, VCAM-1	Enhance leukocyte adhesion and [236] recruitment of inflammatory cells via chemokines.
3.	Local Inflammation	iNOS forming NO COX forming prostaglandins	Prostaglandins lead to acute inflammatory [237,238] responses in inflamed tissue.
4.	Transcription factors	Nuclear Factor kappa B (NFκB)	Redox-sensitive transcription factor, which [239] translocates to the nucleus upon inflammatory insult to induce the expression of more inflammatory cytokines.
5.	Chemokines/Chemoattractants	CCL-2 (MCP-1), CX3CL1, CCL5, CCL7	Attracts immune cells to the sites of [[240], [241], [242]] inflammation and facilitates the formation of atherosclerotic plaques.
6.	Toll-like Receptors	TLR2 and TLR4	Mediates immune response during [243,244] infection or injury to the ECs.