Table 1. Examples of cytokines-armed OVs, mechanism of action, and cancer types in clinical trials.

MOA: mechanism of action, OV: oncolytic virus, IL-12: interleukin-12, NK: natural killer cells, HSV: herpes simplex virus, TNBC: triple-negative breast cancer, GM-CSF: granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, DCs: dendritic cells, GIT: gastrointestinal, IFN-B: interferon beta, VSV: vesicular stomatitis virus, HCC: hepatocellular cell carcinoma, AML: acute myeloid leukemia.

Cytokines	MOA	Virus Family	OV variants	Cancer type
IL-12 [11]	NK and T cells activation. Antiangiogenic.	HSV	M032	Glioblastoma, astrocytoma, gliosarcoma
			ONCR-177	Solid tumors
		Vaccinia	TBio-6517	Colorectal cancer, TNBC
GM-CSF [12]	Activation of DCs	Adenovirus	ONCOS-102	Melanoma
		HSV	T-VEC	Melanoma, non-melanoma skin cancer, breast cancer, GIT tumors, ovarian cancer
		Paramyxovirus	MED15395	Solid tumors.
		Vaccinia	Pexa-vec	Renal cell carcinoma, HCC.
IFN-B [13]	Promote apoptosis, antiangiogenetic, enhance tumor antigenicity [12]	Vesicular stomatitis virus	VSV-IFNB+	HCC
			VSV-hIFNbeta-NIS [14]	T-cell lymphoma, AML, multiple myeloma.