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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Appl Dev Psychol. 2023 Mar 11;86:101529. doi: 10.1016/j.appdev.2023.101529

Table 2.

Descriptives of study covariates.

Mean (SD)/
Percent
Min Max Skewness Kurtosis
Child and family characteristics
 Child age 67.24 (4.45) 52 92 .53 4.18
 Child gender: male 51.44 - - - -
 Child race - - - -
  White 68.45 - - - -
  Black 8.8 - - - -
  Asian 3.19 - - - -
  Multi-racial 11.11 - - - -
  Other 8.43 - - - -
 Child ethnicity: Hispanic 15.70
 IEP status 6.33 - - - -
 Child primary language is English 87.84 - - - -
 Early educational experience at age 4
  Non attender 27.85
  Part-time attender (<20 hours per week) 35.19
  Full-time attender (20+ hours per week) 36.96
 Household size 4.51 (1.32) 2 9 .56 3.78
 Number of children under 18 2.48 (1.15) 1 9 1.12 5.72
 Household income 5.05 (4.40) 0 20 1.12 4.03
Maternal education
  Less than high school degree 14.00
  High school education with diploma 45.18
  Associate’s degree 16.91
  Bachelor’s degree 16.94
  Graduate or professional degree 7.27
 Marital status
  Married 61.58
  Living with partner/ registered domestic partnership 11.86
  Separated/divorced/widowed 11.00
  Never married 15.46
Teacher and classroom characteristics
 Highest degree of education (%)
  Bachelor’s degree 26.83
  Master’s degree 73.17
 Teaching experience (years) 12.62 (8.15) 2 35 .68 3.03
 Class size 25.49 (.86) 23 27 −1.12 3.43
 Racial/ethnic composition (%)
  White 63.72 (31.28) 0.00 100.00 −.69 2.56
  Black 12.75 (21.11) 0.00 100.00 2.67 10.55
  Hispanic 17.24 (21.72) 0.00 100.00 1.97 7.63
  Multiracial 10.99 (15.55) 0.00 100.00 3.21 17.93
  Asian/Other 12.53 (18.35) 0.00 100.00 2.83 13.12
 % of boys in classroom 52.13 (5.85) 0.00 64.00 .08 2.25
 % of children with IEP/IFSP 7.95 (5.66) 0.00 23.08 .67 3.17
 % of children with limited English 13.62 (17.90) 0.00 80.00 1.49 4.98
 % of children receiving free/ reduced price lunch 55.55 (31.20) 0.00 95.00 −.52 1.96
Classroom quality 4.25 (.65) 2.86 5.54 .15 2.29