Table 5.
Physico-chemical parameters of hot water springs reported in this work and other parts of the world.
| Parameters | Chutrun, Pakistan [22] | Chilime, Rasuwa, Nepal [10] | Sikkim India [20] | Tibet, China [24] | West Malaysia [21] | Limpopo, South Africa [42] | Oregon, USA [40] | Bolivian Altiplano [23] | This work |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tem. | 40.0–42.0 | 48.0 | 45.0–70.0 | 104.8–159.3 | 41.0–99.0 | 26–67.5 | 16.0–86.0 | 40–75 | 31.6–64.3 |
| pH | 7.21–7.80 | 7.00 | 7.40–8.00 | 8.30–9.60 | 5.5–9.0 | 7.35–9.70 | 6.90–9.30 | 6.33–8.29 | 7.30–8.80 |
| TDS | 300–310 | 166 | 112–608 | – | – | 104.7–1385 | 288–2570 | – | 115–6637 |
| EC | – | – | 238–1180 | 2340–4060 | – | – | 228–5140 | 4270–30400 | 206–16270 |
| Na+ | 12.0–18.0 | 7.35 | – | 1.40–709 | 32.5–8500 | 10.5–156 | 63–810 | 339–12866 | 7.90–370 |
| K+ | 3.80–4.10 | 8.10 | – | 0.800–135 | 1.50–277 | 0.99–4.25 | 0.300–54 | 14.2–328 | 2.80–137 |
| Ca2+ | 80.0–82.0 | 25.8 | 7.00–61.0 | 2.10–11.8 | 1.50–418 | 1.31–13.7 | 0.310–101 | 9.7–200 | 8.00–364 |
| Mg2+ | 20.0 | 20.8 | 2.00–25.0 | 0.200–1.03 | 0.100–1360 | 0.000–27.6 | 0.010–1.31 | 2.4–196 | 1.90–121 |
| As | – | – | 0.002–0.006 | 0.02–5.70 | – | – | – | 0.008–0.065 | 0.001–0.140 |
| Cl− | 9.60–12.0 | 10.0 | 12.0–109 | 503.5–1020 | 1.10–16800 | 19.4–535 | 0.69–1310 | 177–21022 | 28.2–3964 |
| F− | 3.40–3.90 | – | 1.60–5.80 | 18.5–19.6 | 3.30–12.0 | 0.180–6.50 | 0.690–7.10 | – | 0.000–2.60 |
| NO3− | – | – | 0.050–3.50 | – | – | 0.000–19.9 | – | <0.1–55 | 0.00–2.60 |
| SO42- | 80.0–85.0 | 6.00 | 3.40–21.2 | 27–60.3 | 0.900–1550 | 2.98–226 | 1.67–145 | 8–746 | 0.000–24.9 |
| HCO3− | 260–282 | 180 | – | 151–363 | 10.0–282 | – | – | 429–1892 | 61.3–490 |
Tem.: Temperature; Units mg/L except pH, EC (μS/cm), Tem. (°C).