Fig. 1.
The gut serves as a crucial site for several xenobiotic exposures, which can impact a variety of essential microbial metabolites, including bile acids, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), tryptophan (Trp) metabolites, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), and branched-chain amino acids (BCAA). In addition, the gut can remotely communicate with other organs within the host, leading to toxic effects through the gut-organ axis.