Figure 5. Heterologous RNA prime/protein boost vaccine strategy is the most effective regimen for CD8⁺ T cell responses post-boost.

Splenocytes were cultured one week post boost immunization and stimulated with ID91 ex vivo and evaluated for CD8⁺ T cell responses by intracellular cytokine staining flow cytometry including: (A) Percent frequency of CD8⁺CD44⁺ ID91-specific single-cytokine-producing cells; (B) ID91-specific CD8⁺CD44⁺ polyfunctional cytokine-producing cells. Bars show mean ± SEM, dots represent individual mice, n = 4/group. Asterisks indicate statistical significance, where **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, and ****p < 0.0001 using one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test.