Table 1.
Summary of studies using fundus photographs for predicting glaucoma progression
Year | First author | Aim | Outcome | Dataset | Model | Input | Output | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2020 | Thakur et al.[24] | Predict glaucoma before onset | AUC | 66,721 fundus photos, 3272 eyes, 1636 subjects | MobileNetV2 | Fundus photo | Glaucoma prediction before onset | AUC for onset 4–7 years before disease: 0.77 (95% CI: 0.75–0.79). AUC for onset 1–3 years before disease: 0.88 (95% CI: 0.86–0.91) |
2021 | Medeiros et al.[25] | Use fundus photo to predict glaucoma progression (RNFL loss >1 µm/year) | AROC | 86,123 pairs, 8831 eyes, 5529 subjects | ResNet 50 | Fundus photo | Progressor versus no progressor | RNFL predictions AROC: 0.86 (95% CI: 0.83–0.88) to discriminate progressors from nonprogressors. For detecting fast progressors (slope faster than 2 µm/year), AROC: 0.96 (95% CI: 0.94–0.98), sensitivity: 97% and specificity: 80% |
2022 | Li et al.[26] | Predict progression from fundus images (3 experts defined progression) | AUROC | 17,497 eyes, 9346 subjects | PredictNet (based on ConvNet) | Fundus photo | Glaucoma progression | Glaucoma progression: AUROCs of 0.87 (0.81–0.92) and 0.88 (0.83–0.94) in two test datasets |
2023 | Lin et al.[27] | NTG progression using retinal caliber analysis | C statistic of cox regression model | 197 patients | SIVA-DLS | Fundus photo features + other predictors | CRAE/CRVE from DL algorithm | CRAE + CRVE + age + gender + IOP + MOPP + SBP have C=0.85 for VF deterioration and C=0.703 for progressive RNFL thinning |
AUC/AUROC=Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, CRAE=Central retinal arteriolar equivalent, CRVE=Central retinal venular equivalent, IOP=Intraocular pressure, MOPP=Mean ocular perfusion pressure, RNFL=Retinal nerve fibre layer, DL=Deep learning, SIVA-DLS=Singapore I vessel analyzer DL system, SBP=Systolic blood pressure, VF=Visual field, NTG=Normal tension glaucoma, CI=Confidence interval