Table 1.

Summary of studies using fundus photographs for predicting glaucoma progression

Year	First author	Aim	Outcome	Dataset	Model	Input	Output	Results
2020	Thakur et al.[24]	Predict glaucoma before onset	AUC	66,721 fundus photos, 3272 eyes, 1636 subjects	MobileNetV2	Fundus photo	Glaucoma prediction before onset	AUC for onset 4–7 years before disease: 0.77 (95% CI: 0.75–0.79). AUC for onset 1–3 years before disease: 0.88 (95% CI: 0.86–0.91)
2021	Medeiros et al.[25]	Use fundus photo to predict glaucoma progression (RNFL loss >1 µm/year)	AROC	86,123 pairs, 8831 eyes, 5529 subjects	ResNet 50	Fundus photo	Progressor versus no progressor	RNFL predictions AROC: 0.86 (95% CI: 0.83–0.88) to discriminate progressors from nonprogressors. For detecting fast progressors (slope faster than 2 µm/year), AROC: 0.96 (95% CI: 0.94–0.98), sensitivity: 97% and specificity: 80%
2022	Li et al.[26]	Predict progression from fundus images (3 experts defined progression)	AUROC	17,497 eyes, 9346 subjects	PredictNet (based on ConvNet)	Fundus photo	Glaucoma progression	Glaucoma progression: AUROCs of 0.87 (0.81–0.92) and 0.88 (0.83–0.94) in two test datasets
2023	Lin et al.[27]	NTG progression using retinal caliber analysis	C statistic of cox regression model	197 patients	SIVA-DLS	Fundus photo features + other predictors	CRAE/CRVE from DL algorithm	CRAE + CRVE + age + gender + IOP + MOPP + SBP have C=0.85 for VF deterioration and C=0.703 for progressive RNFL thinning

AUC/AUROC=Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, CRAE=Central retinal arteriolar equivalent, CRVE=Central retinal venular equivalent, IOP=Intraocular pressure, MOPP=Mean ocular perfusion pressure, RNFL=Retinal nerve fibre layer, DL=Deep learning, SIVA-DLS=Singapore I vessel analyzer DL system, SBP=Systolic blood pressure, VF=Visual field, NTG=Normal tension glaucoma, CI=Confidence interval