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. 2023 Jul 21;18(7):e0289128. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289128

Table 3. Specification tests for final stepwise panel regression model.

Income Levels	Tests
	F test	LM Test	Hausman Test (Sigmamore)
	H₀: POLS	H₀: POLS	H₀: Random Effect
	H₁: Fixed Effect	H₁: Random Effect	H₁: Fixed Effect
All Countries	1220.74***	14306.92***	31.35***
High-Income	137.96***	4534.82***	0.74
Low-Income	33.05***	721.21***	14.96***
Lower-Middle Income	165.84***	2830.01***	9.67*
Upper-Middle Income	86.24***	2157.79***	9.06

Note: The symbols *, **and *** represents 10%, 5% and 1% significance level, respectively.