Table 2.
Studies included in the systematic review
| Study and Country | Study type | Sample size | Mean age (yrs.) | Age range (yrs.) | Gender | Race and/or Ethnicity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barry et al., 2022, US | C | 194 children | 8.9 | 8–10 | F: 53.6% M: 46.4% |
Reported only for female primary caregivers Caregiver of Color: 40.7% (Black/African American: 67.1%, Asian: 2.5%, Hispanic: 3.8%, Middle Eastern/North African: 1.3%, Multiracial/Multiethnic: 13.9%, Other: 11.4%) White: 69.3% |
| Berge et al., 2020, US | C | 150 families | 6.4 | 5–7 | F: 52.7% M: 47.3% |
Black/African American: 16.7% White: 16.7% Hmong: 16.7% Hispanic: 16.7% Native American: 16.7% Somali: 16.7% |
| Blum et al., 2019, Bangladesh | Q | 33 girls; teachers (2), community leaders (1), community health workers (4), fathers (4), mothers (4), and boys (4) |
Reported only for adolescent girls School going: 15.8 Non-school-going: 16.1 Married: 17.5 |
15–19 | F: 71.2% M: 15.4% |
Not reported |
| Harshman et al., 2022, US | L | 407 children | 9.6 | 6–12 | F: 45% M: 55% |
Hispanic: 92.9% |
| Hazzard et al., 2022, US | L | 1813 youth | EAT-I: 14.9 EAT-II: 19.5 |
EAT-I: 11–18 EAT-II: 16–23 |
F: 57.1% M: 42.9% |
Black/African American: 17.8 % White: 50.7% Asian: 17.9% Hispanic: 5.7% Multiracial/Multiethnic or Other: 7.9% |
| Hooper et al., 2022, US | L | 1340 youth | Baseline: 14.5 Follow-Up: 22.0 |
Not reported | F: 53.0% M: 46.3% T/NB: 0.7% |
Black/African American: 28.6% White: 20.3% Asian: 19.3% Hispanic: 16.9% Multiracial/Multiethnic or Other: 14.9% |
| Hooper et al., 2020, US | C | 2285 parent and adolescent dyads | 14.5 | 10–22 | F: 54.2% M: 45.8% |
Black/African American: 28.0% White: 21.0% Asian: 19.5% Native American: 3.2% Hispanic: 17.2% Multiracial/Multiethnic or Other: 11.3% |
| Kim et al., 2021, US | C | 58 adolescents | 15.2 | 11.1–18.9 | F: 62.1% M: 37.9% |
Black/African American: 50% White: 15% Native American: 1.7% Hispanic: 34.5% Multiracial/Multiethnic: 6.9% Other: 19% |
| Kral et al., 2017, US | C | 50 families | Not provided for total sample Food Insecure: 9.8 Food Secure: 9.5 |
8–10 | Not provided for total sample Food Insecure: F: 61.5% M: 38.5% Food Secure: F: 48.6% M: 51.4% |
Not provided for total sample Food Insecure: Black/African American: 84.6% White: 0% Multiracial/Multiethnic: 15.4% Food Secure: Black/African American: 62.2% White: 29.7% Multiracial/Multiethnic: 8.1% |
| Linsenmeyer et al., 2021, US | C | 164 participants | 17.0 | 12–23 | TF: 17.1% TM: 78.0% NB: 4.9% |
Not reported |
| Masler et al., 2021, US | C | 6077 participants | Not reported | 8–15 | F: 49.1% M: 50.9% |
Black/African American: 14.2% White: 57.7% Hispanic: 20.0% Other: 8.1% |
| McCurdy et al., 2022, US | C | 66 families | 3.6 | 2–5 | F: 44.6% M: 55.4% |
Hispanic: 86.6% |
| McGowan et al., 2022, US | C | 183 children | 9.0 | 8–10 | F: 54.6% M: 45.4% |
Reported only for primary female caregivers Black/African American: 26.2% White: 60.7% Asian: 1.1% Middle Eastern/North African: 0.5% Hispanic: 1.6% Multiracial/Multiethnic: 4.9% Other: 4.9% |
| Ruzicka, 2020, US | C | 73 adolescents | 13.6 | 12–17 | F: 47.9% M: 52.1% |
Black/African American: 34.2% White: 56.2% Multiracial/Multiethnic or Other: 9.6% |
| Stadterman et al., 2021, US | C | 34 youth | 12.8 | 8–18 | F: 59% M: 41% |
Black/African American: 48.6% White: 2.9% Asian: 2.9% Hispanic: 22.9% Multiracial/Multiethnic: 17.1% Other: 5.8% |
| Tester et al., 2016, US | Q | 37 children represented by 47 focus group participants: caregivers (42), siblings (2), patients (3) | 11.5 | 2–18 | F: 46%, M: 54% | Not reported |
| Urban et al., n.d., US | L | 729 youth | 16.0 | 6–24 | F: 82% M: 11% T/NB: 6% Other: 1% |
Black/African American: 1.2% White: 64% Asian: 7.6% Hispanic: 5.5% Multiracial/Multiethnic: 15.4% Other: 6.4% |
| West et al., 2021, US | C | 60 children | 13.9 | 12–18 | F: 53.3% M: 46.7% |
Black/African American: 9.0% White: 73.1% Asian: 1.7% Multiracial/Multiethnic: 6.0% Hispanic: 1.7% Other or Don’t Know: 20.0% |
| West et al., 2019, US | L | 2179 adolescents | EAT-I: 14.9, EAT-II: Not reported | EAT-I: 11–18 EAT-II: 16–23 |
F: 52.8%, M: 47.2% | High SES: Black/African American: 6.3% White: 80.7% Asian: 9.6% Hispanic: 1.9% Other: 1.3% Low SES: Black/African American: 13.2% White: 49.8% Asian: 27.3% Hispanic: 5.7% Other: 4.0% |
| Wickel, 2014, US | C | 883 adolescents | Not reported | Not reported | F: 53.7% M: 46.3% |
Black/African American: 13.9% White: 27.86% Asian: 27.63% Hispanic: 21.5% Other: 8.6% |
Note: ND/UP. = No date/unpublished; C = Cross-sectional, L = Longitudinal, Q = Qualitative; F = Female, M = Male, TF = Transgender Female, TM = Transgender Male, NB = Nonbinary, T/NB = Transgender/Non-Binary