Fig. 8. TRPA1 stimulation by H₂O₂ induces LIF production via p38-MAPK phosphorylation.

(A) Experimental time course for in vitro experiments using primary astrocyte cultures. (B) Lif mRNA expression in primary astrocyte cultures treated with H₂O₂ (100 μM, 3 hours), determined by quantitative RT-PCR. (C) Lif mRNA expression in primary astrocyte cultures cotreated with H₂O₂ (100 μM) and ERK pathway inhibitor (PD98059; 10 μM), p38 inhibitor (SB203580; 30 μM), PKC inhibitor (chelerythrine; 1 μM), and Ca²⁺ signaling blocker (BAPTA-AM; 10 μM) for 3 hours, determined by quantitative RT-PCR. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001 versus control; #P < 0.05 and ###P < 0.001 versus H₂O₂ for one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test. (D to G) Representative immunoblot images of ERK (D) and p38 (F), as well as protein and phosphorylation levels of ERK (E) and p38 (G). Values are means ± SEM. (B) n = 5 to 6; (C) and (E) n = 4; (G) n = 5 to 6. **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001 for two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post hoc test (B) and (G).