Fig. 9. The archaeological sites discussed in this study and possible origin regions for the spices extracted as starch grains from the Oc Eo implements.

Eight types of spices were extracted from the ancient stone tools of Oc Eo. The possible origins of these specific spices include the Moluccas in East Indonesia, India, Sri Lanka, and other candidates such as Java in central Indonesia (see Supplementary Materials, table S5).